Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation may be indicated by: A. An echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back surface reflection B. A complete loss of back surface reflection C. An echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflection D. All of the above
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications caused by contoured surfaces are likely to result in a: A. Broad base indication B. Peaked indication C. Hashy signal D. Narrow based indication
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
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3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
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• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
Page 782 and 783:
3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
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EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
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The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
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Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
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Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
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Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
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3.) Position the transducer over th
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5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
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DAC Curve
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Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
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Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
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4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
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Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
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4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
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4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
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4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
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Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
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Curvature Correction
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An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
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Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
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d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
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A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
Page 1291 and 1292: 6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
Page 1293 and 1294: C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1295 and 1296: C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1301 and 1302: C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1303 and 1304: C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1305 and 1306: C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1307 and 1308: C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1309 and 1310: Echodynamic- Change of echo height
Page 1311 and 1312: Break Time
Page 1313 and 1314: Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1315 and 1316: Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1317 and 1318: Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
Page 1323 and 1324: Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1325 and 1326: Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1327 and 1328: Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
Page 1329 and 1330: Echo Dynamic
Page 1333 and 1334: Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
Page 1337 and 1338: Echo Dynamic The echo response from
Page 1339 and 1340: Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341: Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1345 and 1346: Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348: Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350: Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352: Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354: Expert at works
Page 1355 and 1356: Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358: Physical Dimension
Page 1359 and 1360: Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1361 and 1362: Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364: Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366: Mock-Up
Page 1367 and 1368: Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1369 and 1370: Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1371 and 1372: Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374: 6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1375 and 1376: A test program had been first carri
Page 1377 and 1378: 6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1379 and 1380: Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1381 and 1382: Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1383 and 1384: The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1385 and 1386: Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388: Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1389 and 1390: Experts at work
Page 1391 and 1392: This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
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3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
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3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
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Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
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Casting In castings flaw detection
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Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
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During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
Page 1451 and 1452:
The BondMaster 1000e+.
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
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Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 1471 and 1472:
The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
Page 1483 and 1484:
TOFD
Page 1485 and 1486:
TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1489 and 1490:
For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1493 and 1494:
Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 1495 and 1496:
6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
Page 1520 and 1521:
Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
Page 1535 and 1536:
Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
Page 1545 and 1546:
Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
Page 1575 and 1576:
DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
Page 1577 and 1578:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
Page 1581 and 1582:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1583 and 1584:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1585 and 1586:
Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
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DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
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Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
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Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626:
Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628:
The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
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PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
Page 1665 and 1666:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
Page 1681 and 1682:
Matrix Columns, y coordinates
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10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
Page 1687 and 1688:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
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50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
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65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708:
68. When the incident angle is chos
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Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717:
Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
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1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
Page 1731 and 1732:
Attenuation can be determined by ev
Page 1733 and 1734:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 1735 and 1736:
7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 1741 and 1742:
Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
Page 1751 and 1752:
The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
Page 1757 and 1758:
Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
Page 1759 and 1760:
Apparent Near Zone distance
Page 1761 and 1762:
The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 1765 and 1766:
14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1770 and 1771:
- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
Page 1776 and 1777:
More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1781 and 1782:
Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
Page 1791 and 1792:
Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
Page 1797 and 1798:
45. When examining thin materials f
Page 1799 and 1800:
Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1803:
Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
Page 1842 and 1843:
Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
Page 1844 and 1845:
Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
Page 1849 and 1850:
13. An oscilloscope display in whic
Page 1851 and 1852:
17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1873 and 1874:
Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
Page 1878 and 1879:
Page 1880 and 1881:
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
Page 1886 and 1887:
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Practices Make Perfect
Page 1890 and 1891:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1892 and 1893:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Questions & Answers
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Page 1916 and 1917:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
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Production Platform http://www.stud
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Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
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1. The wave mode that has multiple
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5. When angle beam contact testing
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9. The random distribution of cryst
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13. In immersion testing, the near
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17. As frequency increases in ultra
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Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
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23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
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27. Using the immersion method, a d
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31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
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35. Which circuit triggers the puls
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39. In immersion testing in a small
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42. In an automatic scanning immers
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43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
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47. Compensation for the variation
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51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
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55. As transducer diameter decrease
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59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
Page 1958 and 1959:
63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
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66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963:
70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965:
74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
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78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969:
81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
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87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
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91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977:
95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979:
99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981:
101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983:
105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985:
109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987:
112. Properties of shear or transve
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117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995:
129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003:
145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005:
149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
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197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
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3. The only significant sound wave
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Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
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Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
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Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
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Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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