Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical display to EN12668-1 Procedure: Test the ultrasonic instrument screen linearity by altering the amplitude of a reference input using an external calibrated attenuator and observing the change in the signal height on the ultrasonic instrument screen. Report the gain setting at the beginning of the test. Check the linearity at prescribed intervals from 0 dB to - 26 dB of full screen height. Repeat the test <strong>for</strong> centre frequencies <strong>for</strong> of each filter as measured in 9.5.2. Using the same set-up shown in Figure 6 set the external calibrated attenuator to 2 dB and adjust the input signal and the gain of the ultrasonic instrument so the signal is 80 % of full screen height. Without changing the gain of the ultrasonic instrument switch the external calibrated attenuator to the values given in the Table 4. For each setting measure the amplitude of the signal on the ultrasonic instrument screen. Extract from: BS EN 12668-1:2010 Non-destructive testing- Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment Part 1: Instruments
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
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Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
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Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
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Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
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In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
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3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
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• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
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Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
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Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
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Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Calibrations
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This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
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The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
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Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
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IIW type blocks are used to calibra
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A block that closely resembles the
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DSC AWS Block
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
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The RC Block is used to determine t
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Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
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The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
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Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
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A distance amplitude correction cur
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DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860: Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862: 3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864: 5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866: DAC Curve
Page 867: Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871: Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873: Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875: Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877: Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879: 4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
Page 880 and 881: 1 st Echo from circular Section
Page 882 and 883: Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885: 25 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 886 and 887: 100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889: Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891: 4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893: 4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895: 20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897: Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899: TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901: 4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902: Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909: 4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 914 and 915: Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
Page 916: Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
Page 919 and 920: Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 921 and 922: 4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
Page 923 and 924: Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 925 and 926: Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 927 and 928: Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 929 and 930: The resulting model allows computat
Page 931 and 932: Curvature Corrections
Page 933 and 934: Curvature Correction
Page 935 and 936: 4.4: Calibration References & Stand
Page 937 and 938: Reference Reflectors: are used as a
Page 939 and 940: Reference Reflectors are used as a
Page 941 and 942: Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 943 and 944: 4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
Page 945: Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
Page 951 and 952: Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
Page 953 and 954: 5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
Page 955 and 956: A-Scan
Page 957 and 958: Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
Page 959 and 960: 5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
Page 961:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
Page 964 and 965:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 966 and 967:
Page 968 and 969:
Page 970 and 971:
Dead Zone
Page 972 and 973:
Flaw Location
Page 974 and 975:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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The angled sound beam is highly sen
Page 980 and 981:
How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
Page 982 and 983:
There are two advantages to designi
Page 984 and 985:
Contoured wedges
Page 986 and 987:
Focused dual element angle beams Th
Page 988 and 989:
threaded snap-in steel with a shear
Page 990 and 991:
Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
Page 992 and 993:
Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
Page 994 and 995:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 996 and 997:
6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
Page 998 and 999:
5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
Page 1000 and 1001:
20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1002 and 1003:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1004 and 1005:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1006 and 1007:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1008 and 1009:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1010 and 1011:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1012 and 1013:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1014 and 1015:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1016 and 1017:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1018 and 1019:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
Page 1020 and 1021:
EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
Page 1022 and 1023:
5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
Page 1024 and 1025:
The most common method used to get
Page 1026 and 1027:
Attenuation:
Page 1028 and 1029:
Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
Page 1030 and 1031:
Spread Spectrum UT
Page 1032 and 1033:
Two discrimination technique are te
Page 1034 and 1035:
5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
Page 1036 and 1037:
The frequency domain display shows
Page 1038 and 1039:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1040 and 1041:
The following Fourier Java applet,
Page 1042 and 1043:
5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
Page 1044 and 1045:
Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
Page 1046 and 1047:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1048 and 1049:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1050 and 1051:
Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
Page 1052 and 1053:
Influence of reflector orientation
Page 1054 and 1055:
Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
Page 1056 and 1057:
5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
Page 1058 and 1059:
Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1060 and 1061:
5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
Page 1062 and 1063:
Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
Page 1064 and 1065:
5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
Page 1066 and 1067:
Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
Page 1068 and 1069:
Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
Page 1070 and 1071:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1072 and 1073:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
Page 1074 and 1075:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1076 and 1077:
Manipulators The manipulator is pri
Page 1078 and 1079:
Bridges When the manipulator is aut
Page 1080 and 1081:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1082 and 1083:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1084 and 1085:
An unfocused transducer may be used
Page 1086 and 1087:
Focus may be designated in three wa
Page 1088 and 1089:
Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1090 and 1091:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1092 and 1093:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
Page 1094 and 1095:
5.10: Scanning Patterns
Page 1096 and 1097:
5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1098 and 1099:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1100 and 1101:
Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
Page 1102 and 1103:
5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
Page 1104 and 1105:
Specimen Surface Interference Exces
Page 1106 and 1107:
Specimen Surface Interference- You
Page 1108 and 1109:
Material Geometric Interference Fal
Page 1110 and 1111:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1112 and 1113:
Non Relevant Indications The geomet
Page 1114 and 1115:
Entry surface variables: Surface ro
Page 1116 and 1117:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
Page 1118 and 1119:
Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
Page 1120 and 1121:
The coating is sufficiently thin th
Page 1122 and 1123:
5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
Page 1124 and 1125:
In more practical terms, for water
Page 1126 and 1127:
For example the plastics listed in
Page 1128 and 1129:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1130 and 1131:
Hence:
Page 1132 and 1133:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
Page 1134 and 1135:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1136 and 1137:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
Page 1138 and 1139:
Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
Page 1140 and 1141:
Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1142 and 1143:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1144 and 1145:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 1146 and 1147:
Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
Page 1148 and 1149:
Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1152 and 1153:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1156 and 1157:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 1158 and 1159:
6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1160 and 1161:
Flaw Orientation: Parallel / Perpen
Page 1162 and 1163:
6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
Page 1164 and 1165:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1166 and 1167:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1168 and 1169:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1170 and 1171:
Page 1172 and 1173:
Page 1174 and 1175:
Page 1176 and 1177:
Page 1178 and 1179:
Page 1180 and 1181:
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Page 1184 and 1185:
Page 1186 and 1187:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1188 and 1189:
Page 1190 and 1191:
Page 1192 and 1193:
Page 1194:
6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
Page 1197 and 1198:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Page 1201 and 1202:
Page 1203 and 1204:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1205 and 1206:
Page 1207 and 1208:
Page 1209 and 1210:
Page 1211 and 1212:
Page 1213 and 1214:
Page 1215 and 1216:
Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1217 and 1218:
Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
Page 1219 and 1220:
Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
Page 1221 and 1222:
Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
Page 1223 and 1224:
Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
Page 1225 and 1226:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1227 and 1228:
Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
Page 1229 and 1230:
Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
Page 1231 and 1232:
Longitudinal cracks- Detected by fl
Page 1233 and 1234:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
Page 1235 and 1236:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1237 and 1238:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1239 and 1240:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
Page 1241 and 1242:
Techniques: (c) same with additiona
Page 1243 and 1244:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
Page 1245 and 1246:
UT Calculator
Page 1247 and 1248:
The second step in the inspection i
Page 1249 and 1250:
https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
Page 1251 and 1252:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1254 and 1255:
6.3.2 Weld Scanning
Page 1256 and 1257:
Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
Page 1258 and 1259:
Weld Scanning
Page 1260 and 1261:
Weld Scanning
Page 1262 and 1263:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
Page 1264 and 1265:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1266 and 1267:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1268 and 1269:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1270 and 1271:
Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1272 and 1273:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1274 and 1275:
Experts at work
Page 1276 and 1277:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1278 and 1279:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1280 and 1281:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1282 and 1283:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1284 and 1285:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1286 and 1287:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1288 and 1289:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1290 and 1291:
Expert at works
Page 1292 and 1293:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1294 and 1295:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1296 and 1297:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1298 and 1299:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1300 and 1301:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1302 and 1303:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1304 and 1305:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1306 and 1307:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1308 and 1309:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1310 and 1311:
Echodynamic- Differences between th
Page 1312 and 1313:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1314 and 1315:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1316 and 1317:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1318 and 1319:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
Page 1320 and 1321:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
Page 1322 and 1323:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
Page 1324 and 1325:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1326 and 1327:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1328 and 1329:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1330 and 1331:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1332 and 1333:
Echo Dynamic Crack
Page 1334 and 1335:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1336 and 1337:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1338 and 1339:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
Page 1340 and 1341:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1342 and 1343:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1344 and 1345:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1346 and 1347:
Q50: The reflection amplitude of a
Page 1348 and 1349:
Crack - Air filled Crack has greate
Page 1350 and 1351:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1352 and 1353:
6.6: Technique Sheets
Page 1354 and 1355:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1356 and 1357:
Physical Dimension
Page 1358 and 1359:
Physical Dimension
Page 1360 and 1361:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
Page 1362 and 1363:
Mock-Up
Page 1364 and 1365:
Mock-Up
Page 1366 and 1367:
Mock-Up
Page 1368 and 1369:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1370 and 1371:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Set-up
Page 1372 and 1373:
6.7: Material Properties- Elastic M
Page 1374 and 1375:
6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
Page 1376 and 1377:
6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
Page 1378 and 1379:
Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
Page 1380 and 1381:
These basic material properties, wh
Page 1382 and 1383:
Equipment: The velocity measurement
Page 1384 and 1385:
Testing Procedure: Equipment Used.
Page 1386 and 1387:
Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
Page 1388 and 1389:
6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
Page 1390 and 1391:
1.0 Background: Although most ultra
Page 1392 and 1393:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1394 and 1395:
Page 1396 and 1397:
Page 1398 and 1399:
敦煌大漠美食 - 50 度
Page 1400 and 1401:
2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
Page 1402 and 1403:
For precision thickness gauging app
Page 1404 and 1405:
(1b) Flaw detection As in high temp
Page 1406 and 1407:
2.2 High Temperature Couplants Most
Page 1408 and 1409:
Keyword: Note that normal incidence
Page 1410 and 1411:
As a general rule, if the outer cas
Page 1412 and 1413:
2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
Page 1414 and 1415:
Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 1416 and 1417:
3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 1418 and 1419:
3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
Page 1420:
6.9: Dimension-Measurement Applicat
Page 1424 and 1425:
6.9.2 Thickness measurements are ma
Page 1426 and 1427:
6.9.3 Position measurements Positio
Page 1428 and 1429:
Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 1430 and 1431:
Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
Page 1432 and 1433:
6.10: In-Service Inspection
Page 1434 and 1435:
In-Service Inspection- Testing for
Page 1436 and 1437:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
Page 1438 and 1439:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Testing
Page 1440 and 1441:
6.11: Casting
Page 1442 and 1443:
Casting- Typical casting defects an
Page 1444 and 1445:
Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
Page 1446 and 1447:
Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
Page 1448 and 1449:
Olympus Data on Bond Testing Our co
Page 1450 and 1451:
The BondMaster 1000e+ allows users
Page 1452 and 1453:
Bond Testing: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT B
Page 1454 and 1455:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Eight Frequenc
Page 1456 and 1457:
Customers who already own an OmniSc
Page 1458 and 1459:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1460 and 1461:
Q41: The best type of frequency for
Page 1462 and 1463:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1464 and 1465:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1466 and 1467:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1468 and 1469:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1470 and 1471:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1472 and 1473:
Family Day
Page 1474 and 1475:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1476 and 1477:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1478 and 1479:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1480 and 1481:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1482 and 1483:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1484 and 1485:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1486 and 1487:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1488 and 1489:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1490 and 1491:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1492 and 1493:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1494 and 1495:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1496 and 1497:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1498 and 1499:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1500 and 1501:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1502 and 1503:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1504 and 1505:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1506 and 1507:
Page 1508 and 1509:
Page 1510 and 1511:
Sail Off
Page 1512 and 1513:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1514 and 1515:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1516:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1521 and 1522:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1523 and 1524:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1525 and 1526:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1527 and 1528:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1533:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1536 and 1537:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1538 and 1539:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1540 and 1541:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1542 and 1543:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1544 and 1545:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1546 and 1547:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1548 and 1549:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1550 and 1551:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1552 and 1553:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1554 and 1555:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1556 and 1557:
Finding the probe index
Page 1558 and 1559:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1560 and 1561:
Calibration for range:
Page 1562 and 1563:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1564 and 1565:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1566 and 1567:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1568 and 1569:
Page 1570 and 1571:
Page 1572 and 1573:
The DAC
Page 1574 and 1575:
DAC Curve
Page 1576 and 1577:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1578 and 1579:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1580 and 1581:
Transfer Corection
Page 1582 and 1583:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1584 and 1585:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1586 and 1587:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1588 and 1589:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1590 and 1591:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1592 and 1593:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1594 and 1595:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1596 and 1597:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1598 and 1599:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1600 and 1601:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1602 and 1603:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1604 and 1605:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1606 and 1607:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1608 and 1609:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1610 and 1611:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1612 and 1613:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1614 and 1615:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1616 and 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1622 and 1623:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1624 and 1625:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1626 and 1627:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1628 and 1629:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1630 and 1631:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1632 and 1633:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1634 and 1635:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1636 and 1637:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1638 and 1639:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1640 and 1641:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1642 and 1643:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1644 and 1645:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1646 and 1647:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1648 and 1649:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1650 and 1651:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1652 and 1653:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1654 and 1655:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1656 and 1657:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1658 and 1659:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1660 and 1661:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1662 and 1663:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1664 and 1665:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1666 and 1667:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1668 and 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
Page 1670 and 1671:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1672 and 1673:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1674 and 1675:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1676 and 1677:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1678 and 1679:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1680 and 1681:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1682 and 1683:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1688 and 1689:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1690 and 1691:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1692 and 1693:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1694 and 1695:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1696 and 1697:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1698 and 1699:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1700 and 1701:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1702 and 1703:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
Page 1704 and 1705:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1706 and 1707:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1708 and 1709:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1710 and 1711:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1712:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1717 and 1718:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1720 and 1721:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1722 and 1723:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1724 and 1725:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1726 and 1727:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1728 and 1729:
E/N/G
Page 1730 and 1731:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1732 and 1733:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1734 and 1735:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1736 and 1737:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1738 and 1739:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1740 and 1741:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1742 and 1743:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1744 and 1745:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1746 and 1747:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1748 and 1749:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1750 and 1751:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1752 and 1753:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1754:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1758 and 1759:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1760 and 1761:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1762 and 1763:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1764 and 1765:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1766:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1769 and 1770:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1771 and 1772:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1773 and 1774:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1775 and 1776:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1777:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1780 and 1781:
Figure1:
Page 1782 and 1783:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1784 and 1785:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1790 and 1791:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers I C
Page 1792 and 1793:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1794 and 1795:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1796 and 1797:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1798 and 1799:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1800 and 1801:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1802 and 1803:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1805 and 1806:
Table 1.2
Page 1807 and 1808:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1809 and 1810:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1811 and 1812:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1813 and 1814:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1815 and 1816:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1817 and 1818:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1819 and 1820:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1821 and 1822:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1823 and 1824:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1825 and 1826:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1827 and 1828:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1829 and 1830:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1831 and 1832:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1833 and 1834:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1835 and 1836:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1837 and 1838:
Q4-16
Page 1839 and 1840:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1841 and 1842:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1843 and 1844:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1845:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1848 and 1849:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1850 and 1851:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1852 and 1853:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1854 and 1855:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1856:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1861 and 1862:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1863 and 1864:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1865 and 1866:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1867 and 1868:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1869:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1872 and 1873:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Page 1876:
Page 1879 and 1880:
Page 1881 and 1882:
Page 1883 and 1884:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1885 and 1886:
Page 1887 and 1888:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1889 and 1890:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1891 and 1892:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1893:
Page 1896 and 1897:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1898 and 1899:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1900 and 1901:
Expert at Works
Page 1902 and 1903:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1904 and 1905:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1906 and 1907:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1908 and 1909:
2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
Page 1910 and 1911:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1912:
Page 1915 and 1916:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1917 and 1918:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1919 and 1920:
Offshore Lifts
Page 1921 and 1922:
Top Scorer
Page 1923 and 1924:
Exercises Studyblue-01
Page 1925 and 1926:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 1927 and 1928:
7. The simple experiment where a st
Page 1929 and 1930:
11. The differences in signals rece
Page 1931 and 1932:
15. Which of the following may resu
Page 1933 and 1934:
19. When examining materials for pl
Page 1935 and 1936:
21. Rayleigh waves are influenced m
Page 1937 and 1938:
25. Which of the following scanning
Page 1939 and 1940:
29. At an interface between two dif
Page 1941 and 1942:
33. In the immersion technique, the
Page 1943 and 1944:
37. On an A-scan display, what repr
Page 1945 and 1946:
41. A 152 mm (6 in) diameter rod is
Page 1947 and 1948:
Immersion Testing Bridge Manipulato
Page 1949 and 1950:
45. Which best describes a typical
Page 1951 and 1952:
49. During a straight beam ultrason
Page 1953 and 1954:
53. A smooth flat discontinuity who
Page 1955 and 1956:
57. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1957 and 1958:
61. Large gains in a metallic test
Page 1959 and 1960:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1961 and 1962:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1963 and 1964:
72. If you were requested to design
Page 1965 and 1966:
76. The electronic circuitry that a
Page 1967 and 1968:
80. The angle formed by an ultrason
Page 1969 and 1970:
83. A grouping of a number of cryst
Page 1971 and 1972:
85. The angular position of the ref
Page 1973 and 1974:
89. The change in direction of an u
Page 1975 and 1976:
93. In general, shear waves are mor
Page 1977 and 1978:
97. The speed with which ultrasonic
Page 1979 and 1980:
Barbecue Lamb
Page 1981 and 1982:
103. If ultrasonic wave is transmit
Page 1983 and 1984:
107. When inspecting a rolled or fo
Page 1985 and 1986:
111. During immersion testing of an
Page 1987 and 1988:
115. One of the most common applica
Page 1989 and 1990:
119. At a water-steel interface the
Page 1991 and 1992:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1993 and 1994:
127. The instrument displays a plan
Page 1995 and 1996:
131. The motion of particles in a s
Page 1997 and 1998:
135. As frequency increases in ultr
Page 1999 and 2000:
139. The velocity of longitudinal w
Page 2001 and 2002:
143. A diagram in which the entire
Page 2003 and 2004:
147. The expansion and contraction
Page 2005 and 2006:
151. A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 2007 and 2008:
153. When an ultrasonic beam reache
Page 2009 and 2010:
157. The most common used method of
Page 2011 and 2012:
161. Acoustic velocities of materia
Page 2013 and 2014:
165. The resolving power of a trans
Page 2015 and 2016:
169. Because the velocity of sound
Page 2017 and 2018:
173. In an A-scan presentation, the
Page 2019 and 2020:
Fiesta
Page 2021 and 2022:
Choices
Page 2023 and 2024:
179. Low frequency sound waves are
Page 2025 and 2026:
Frequency = 5 MHZ, Wavelength λ =
Page 2027 and 2028:
181. In immersion testing, the acce
Page 2029 and 2030:
183. In immersion testing, irreleva
Page 2031 and 2032:
187. The property of certain materi
Page 2033 and 2034:
191. The lack of parallelism betwee
Page 2035 and 2036:
195. Reducing the extent of the dea
Page 2037 and 2038:
199. Attenuation is the loss of the
Page 2039 and 2040:
203. The most commonly used method
Page 2041 and 2042:
Chicken & Squid Satay Treats
Page 2043 and 2044:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 2045:
Addendum-04C Questions & Answers- I
Page 2048 and 2049:
Production Island
Page 2050 and 2051:
At works
Page 2053 and 2054:
Assorted Exercises
Page 2055 and 2056:
Q23. Propagation of ultrasonic wave
Page 2057 and 2058:
Q30. The sum of reflection & transm
Page 2059 and 2060:
Practice 2: Source: Lavender Intern
Page 2061 and 2062:
Q3. On a scan display the dead zone
Page 2063 and 2064:
Q7. In which zone does the amplitud
Page 2065 and 2066:
Q11. Of an A-scan display what repr
Page 2067 and 2068:
Q15. The ratio of the velocity of s
Page 2069 and 2070:
19. The total energy losses occurri
Page 2071 and 2072:
Other Sources
Page 2073:
Q47: A major (!) limitation of usin
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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