Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTION The main effect of detecting the rectified RF signal is to round out or smooth the signal as to have a single broad peak. The rectified RF signal following detection is referred to as a Video Signal.
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothing
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
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Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
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Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
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Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
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• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
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Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
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Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
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Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
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This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
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EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
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The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
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Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
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IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
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IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
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The RC Block is used to determine t
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Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
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Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
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Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
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A distance amplitude correction cur
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DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
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Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
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Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
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3.) Position the transducer over th
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5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
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DAC Curve
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Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
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Exit Point A2 Block
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Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
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4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
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Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
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4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
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4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
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4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
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Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
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4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
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Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
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A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
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Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
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Spherical reflectors are often used
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4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
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Q6: The Notches are frequently used
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Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
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Section 5: Measurement Techniques
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Expert at works
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d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
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A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
Page 960 and 961:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
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Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
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Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
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Expert at works
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
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A test program had been first carri
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6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
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Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
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The test sample may be of any geome
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Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
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Note on units: If sound velocity is
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Experts at work
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This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
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3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
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3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
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Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
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Casting In castings flaw detection
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Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
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During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
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The BondMaster 1000e+.
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
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Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
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The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
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Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
Page 1535 and 1536:
Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
Page 1545 and 1546:
Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
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DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
Page 1599 and 1600:
DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
Page 1601 and 1602:
Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1623 and 1624: Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626: Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628: The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
Page 1629 and 1630: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
Page 1635 and 1636: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1637 and 1638: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
Page 1639 and 1640: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
Page 1641 and 1642: PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
Page 1643 and 1644: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
Page 1645 and 1646: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
Page 1647 and 1648: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
Page 1655 and 1656: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
Page 1657 and 1658: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
Page 1659 and 1660: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
Page 1661 and 1662: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
Page 1663 and 1664: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
Page 1665 and 1666: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
Page 1667 and 1668: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
Page 1669 and 1670: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
Page 1671 and 1672: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
Page 1673: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
Page 1677 and 1678: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1679 and 1680: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
Page 1681 and 1682: Matrix Columns, y coordinates
Page 1683 and 1684: 10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
Page 1687 and 1688: X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1689 and 1690: 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1691 and 1692: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1693 and 1694: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
Page 1695 and 1696: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
Page 1697 and 1698: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
Page 1699 and 1700: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
Page 1701 and 1702: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
Page 1703 and 1704: Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
Page 1705 and 1706: 65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708: 68. When the incident angle is chos
Page 1709 and 1710: Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712: Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717: Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
Page 1718: 1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724: 3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
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Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
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The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
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Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
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Apparent Near Zone distance
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The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
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14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
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- Distance Gain Size is a method of
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In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
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More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
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Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
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45. When examining thin materials f
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
Page 1842 and 1843:
Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
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Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
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13. An oscilloscope display in whic
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17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
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Page 1880 and 1881:
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
Page 1886 and 1887:
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
Page 1897 and 1898:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1903 and 1904:
Questions & Answers
Page 1905 and 1906:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1907 and 1908:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1909 and 1910:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1911 and 1912:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1914 and 1915:
Page 1916 and 1917:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1918 and 1919:
Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
Page 1920 and 1921:
Production Platform http://www.stud
Page 1922 and 1923:
Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
Page 1924 and 1925:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 1926 and 1927:
5. When angle beam contact testing
Page 1928 and 1929:
9. The random distribution of cryst
Page 1930 and 1931:
13. In immersion testing, the near
Page 1932 and 1933:
17. As frequency increases in ultra
Page 1934 and 1935:
Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
Page 1936 and 1937:
23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
Page 1938 and 1939:
27. Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1940 and 1941:
31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
Page 1942 and 1943:
35. Which circuit triggers the puls
Page 1944 and 1945:
39. In immersion testing in a small
Page 1946 and 1947:
42. In an automatic scanning immers
Page 1948 and 1949:
43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
Page 1950 and 1951:
47. Compensation for the variation
Page 1952 and 1953:
51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
Page 1954 and 1955:
55. As transducer diameter decrease
Page 1956 and 1957:
59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
Page 1958 and 1959:
63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
Page 1960 and 1961:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963:
70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965:
74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
Page 1966 and 1967:
78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969:
81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
Page 1972 and 1973:
87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
Page 1974 and 1975:
91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977:
95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979:
99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981:
101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983:
105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985:
109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987:
112. Properties of shear or transve
Page 1988 and 1989:
117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995:
129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003:
145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005:
149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
Page 2036 and 2037:
197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
Page 2044 and 2045:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 2047 and 2048:
Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
Page 2056 and 2057:
Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
Page 2060 and 2061:
Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
Page 2066 and 2067:
Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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