Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conversion Figure (15) below shows the relationship between the incident angle and the relative amplitudes of the refracted or mode converted longitudinal, shear, and surface waves that can be produced from a plastic wedge into steel.
Angle Beam Transducers- Common Terms ϴ = Refracted angle T= Thickness LEG1=LEG2= T/Cos ϴ V PATH= 2x LEG= 2T/Cos ϴ SKIP= 2.T Tan ϴ ϴ
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
Page 517 and 518: Contact Transducers
Page 519 and 520: Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
Page 521 and 522: 3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
Page 523 and 524: Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
Page 525 and 526: Focal Length Equation: The focal le
Page 527 and 528: Focal Length Variations
Page 529 and 530: Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532: Q79: What type of search unit allow
Page 533 and 534: Q78: Which of the following is not
Page 535 and 536: For a single crystal probe the leng
Page 537 and 538: There are other advantages 1. Doubl
Page 539 and 540: Advantages: Improves near surface r
Page 541 and 542: Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
Page 543 and 544: 3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
Page 545 and 546: Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
Page 547: Delay lined Transducer
Page 550 and 551: Probe Delay with TR-Probe
Page 552 and 553: Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555: Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
Page 556 and 557: Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
Page 566 and 567: Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 570 and 571: Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
Page 572 and 573: Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
Page 574 and 575: Application of Normal incidence she
Page 576 and 577: Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 578 and 579: Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
Page 580 and 581: Q: A special scanning device with t
Page 582 and 583: 3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
Page 584 and 585: TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
Page 586 and 587: Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
Page 588 and 589: UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
Page 590 and 591: Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
Page 594 and 595: As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
Page 596 and 597: Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
Page 598 and 599: Sound Field Measurements--The objec
Page 600 and 601: There is ongoing research to develo
Page 602 and 603: 3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
Page 604 and 605: Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
Page 606 and 607: Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 608 and 609: Couplant
Page 610 and 611: Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
Page 612 and 613: EMAT
Page 614 and 615: Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
Page 616 and 617: 3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
Page 618 and 619:
Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749:
• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
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Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
Page 784 and 785:
Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 812 and 813:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 814 and 815:
The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
Page 820 and 821:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
Page 836 and 837:
Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
Page 844 and 845:
Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
Page 850 and 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860:
Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862:
3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864:
5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 867:
Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879:
4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
Page 880 and 881:
1 st Echo from circular Section
Page 882 and 883:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 886 and 887:
100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889:
Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891:
4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893:
4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 912:
5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
Page 922 and 923:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
Page 950 and 951:
Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
Page 954 and 955:
d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
Page 956 and 957:
A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
Page 960 and 961:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 963 and 964:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 965 and 966:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
Page 973 and 974:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
Page 979 and 980:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1003 and 1004:
Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
Page 1005 and 1006:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
Page 1009 and 1010:
5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
Page 1011 and 1012:
The most common ultrasonic scanning
Page 1013 and 1014:
It is often desirable to eliminate
Page 1015 and 1016:
5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
Page 1017 and 1018:
Precision Velocity Measurements (us
Page 1019 and 1020:
The most important application of E
Page 1021 and 1022:
Time Measurement Technique Fourier
Page 1023 and 1024:
Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
Page 1027 and 1028:
5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
Page 1035 and 1036:
Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
Page 1053 and 1054:
Influence of reflector size on sign
Page 1055 and 1056:
Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
Page 1057 and 1058:
5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
Page 1085 and 1086:
Unfocused transducer By definition,
Page 1087 and 1088:
Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1093 and 1094:
38. The component in a conventional
Page 1095 and 1096:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1097 and 1098:
PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1099 and 1100:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1101 and 1102:
Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
Page 1107 and 1108:
Mode Conversion Interference The mo
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indications Transducer
Page 1111 and 1112:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1113 and 1114:
5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
Page 1115 and 1116:
In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
Page 1123 and 1124:
Attenuation of couplants varies wit
Page 1125 and 1126:
Table 8.2 For example the plastics
Page 1127 and 1128:
5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence the Neper and dB are related
Page 1131 and 1132:
Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
Page 1133 and 1134:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q1: A tubular product is tested by
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q3: Minimum number of hits required
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
Page 1145 and 1146:
The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q1 What is the correct water path b
Page 1149:
Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
Page 1153:
Section 6: Selected Applications &
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
Page 1161 and 1162:
Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1167 and 1168:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1171 and 1172:
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Page 1179 and 1180:
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1193 and 1194:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1252:
To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
Page 1257 and 1258:
Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
Page 1271 and 1272:
6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
Page 1283 and 1284:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1285 and 1286:
Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
Page 1287 and 1288:
Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
Page 1311 and 1312:
Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1337 and 1338:
Echo Dynamic The echo response from
Page 1339 and 1340:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341 and 1342:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1343 and 1344:
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
Page 1345 and 1346:
Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348:
Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354:
Expert at works
Page 1355 and 1356:
Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358:
Physical Dimension
Page 1359 and 1360:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1361 and 1362:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364:
Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366:
Mock-Up
Page 1367 and 1368:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1369 and 1370:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1371 and 1372:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1375 and 1376:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1377 and 1378:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1381 and 1382:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1383 and 1384:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1385 and 1386:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1389 and 1390:
Experts at work
Page 1391 and 1392:
This application note contains quic
Page 1393 and 1394:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1395 and 1396:
Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1401 and 1402:
(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
Page 1403 and 1404:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1405 and 1406:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1407 and 1408:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1409 and 1410:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1411 and 1412:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1413 and 1414:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1415 and 1416:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1417 and 1418:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1419 and 1420:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1423 and 1424:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1427 and 1428:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1429 and 1430:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1431 and 1432:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1433 and 1434:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1435 and 1436:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1437 and 1438:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1439 and 1440:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1441 and 1442:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1443 and 1444:
Casting
Page 1445 and 1446:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1447 and 1448:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1449 and 1450:
Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
Page 1451 and 1452:
The BondMaster 1000e+.
Page 1453 and 1454:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
Page 1455 and 1456:
Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
Page 1457 and 1458:
Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
Page 1459 and 1460:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
Page 1463 and 1464:
Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
Page 1465 and 1466:
Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
Page 1467 and 1468:
The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
Page 1469 and 1470:
6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 1471 and 1472:
The real limitation of this techniq
Page 1473 and 1474:
6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
Page 1475 and 1476:
TOFD provides a wide area of covera
Page 1477 and 1478:
TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
Page 1479 and 1480:
Due to the low amplitude of the dif
Page 1481 and 1482:
Tips Diffractions
Page 1483 and 1484:
TOFD
Page 1485 and 1486:
TOFD has been used for some time fo
Page 1487 and 1488:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1489 and 1490:
For these types of weld inspections
Page 1491 and 1492:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1493 and 1494:
Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 1495 and 1496:
6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
Page 1497 and 1498:
TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1499 and 1500:
■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
Page 1501 and 1502:
Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
Page 1503 and 1504:
■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1505 and 1506:
The Experts at work.
Page 1507 and 1508:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1509 and 1510:
Break Time
Page 1511 and 1512:
Section 7: Reference Materials
Page 1513 and 1514:
7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
Page 1515 and 1516:
7.3: Video Time
Page 1520 and 1521:
Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
Page 1522 and 1523:
8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
Page 1526 and 1527:
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
Page 1535 and 1536:
Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1537 and 1538:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
Page 1545 and 1546:
Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1563 and 1564:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
Page 1567 and 1568:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1569 and 1570:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1571 and 1572:
The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
Page 1575 and 1576:
DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
Page 1577 and 1578:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1579 and 1580:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
Page 1581 and 1582:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1583 and 1584:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1585 and 1586:
Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
Page 1589 and 1590:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
Page 1591 and 1592:
(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1595 and 1596:
More reading on DGS
Page 1597 and 1598:
DGS # of near field
Page 1599 and 1600:
DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
Page 1601 and 1602:
Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1605 and 1606:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1609 and 1610:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1611 and 1612:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1613 and 1614:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1615 and 1616:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1623 and 1624:
Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626:
Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628:
The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
Page 1641 and 1642:
PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
Page 1665 and 1666:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
Page 1667 and 1668:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
Page 1669 and 1670:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
Page 1671 and 1672:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
Page 1673 and 1674:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
Page 1681 and 1682:
Matrix Columns, y coordinates
Page 1683 and 1684:
10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
Page 1687 and 1688:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1689 and 1690:
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1691 and 1692:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1693 and 1694:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
Page 1695 and 1696:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
Page 1697 and 1698:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
Page 1699 and 1700:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
Page 1701 and 1702:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
Page 1703 and 1704:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
Page 1705 and 1706:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708:
68. When the incident angle is chos
Page 1709 and 1710:
Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717:
Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
Page 1718:
1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
Page 1731 and 1732:
Attenuation can be determined by ev
Page 1733 and 1734:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 1735 and 1736:
7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 1741 and 1742:
Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
Page 1747 and 1748:
Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
Page 1751 and 1752:
The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
Page 1757 and 1758:
Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
Page 1759 and 1760:
Apparent Near Zone distance
Page 1761 and 1762:
The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 1765 and 1766:
14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1770 and 1771:
- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
Page 1776 and 1777:
More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
Page 1779 and 1780:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1781 and 1782:
Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
Page 1791 and 1792:
Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
Page 1797 and 1798:
45. When examining thin materials f
Page 1799 and 1800:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1801 and 1802:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1803:
Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
Page 1842 and 1843:
Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
Page 1844 and 1845:
Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
Page 1849 and 1850:
13. An oscilloscope display in whic
Page 1851 and 1852:
17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1873 and 1874:
Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
Page 1878 and 1879:
Page 1880 and 1881:
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Page 1884 and 1885:
Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
Page 1886 and 1887:
Page 1888 and 1889:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1890 and 1891:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1892 and 1893:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
Page 1897 and 1898:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1903 and 1904:
Questions & Answers
Page 1905 and 1906:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1907 and 1908:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1909 and 1910:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1911 and 1912:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1914 and 1915:
Page 1916 and 1917:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1918 and 1919:
Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
Page 1920 and 1921:
Production Platform http://www.stud
Page 1922 and 1923:
Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
Page 1924 and 1925:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 1926 and 1927:
5. When angle beam contact testing
Page 1928 and 1929:
9. The random distribution of cryst
Page 1930 and 1931:
13. In immersion testing, the near
Page 1932 and 1933:
17. As frequency increases in ultra
Page 1934 and 1935:
Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
Page 1936 and 1937:
23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
Page 1938 and 1939:
27. Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1940 and 1941:
31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
Page 1942 and 1943:
35. Which circuit triggers the puls
Page 1944 and 1945:
39. In immersion testing in a small
Page 1946 and 1947:
42. In an automatic scanning immers
Page 1948 and 1949:
43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
Page 1950 and 1951:
47. Compensation for the variation
Page 1952 and 1953:
51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
Page 1954 and 1955:
55. As transducer diameter decrease
Page 1956 and 1957:
59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
Page 1958 and 1959:
63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
Page 1960 and 1961:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963:
70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965:
74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
Page 1966 and 1967:
78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969:
81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
Page 1972 and 1973:
87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
Page 1974 and 1975:
91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977:
95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979:
99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981:
101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983:
105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985:
109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987:
112. Properties of shear or transve
Page 1988 and 1989:
117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995:
129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003:
145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005:
149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
Page 2036 and 2037:
197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
Page 2044 and 2045:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 2047 and 2048:
Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
Page 2056 and 2057:
Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
Page 2060 and 2061:
Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
Page 2066 and 2067:
Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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