Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Shadow Method This method is also called the intensity-measurement or through-transmission method and is explained in Fig. 12.1. The shadow of an in-homogeneity, which is illuminated by an ultrasonic wave, reduces under certain conditions the intensity of the wave received by a second probe. The name throughtransmission method arises obviously from the fact that two probes are often positioned face to face on opposite sides of the specimen but that may not always be the case. Figure 12.2 shows an alternative arrangement of the shadow method where the beam is reflected be<strong>for</strong>e being influenced by the defect, and equally is could also be reflected afterwards. The transmission method, which may include either reflection or through transmission, involves only the measurement of signal attenuation. This method is also used in flaw detection. http://static2.olympus-ims.com/data/Flash/HTML5/B_Scan/B-scan.html?rev=5E4D
In the pulse-echo method, it is necessary that an internal flaw reflect at least part of the sound energy onto a receiving transducer. However, echoes from flaws are not essential to their detection. Merely the fact that the amplitude of the back reflection from a test piece is lower than that from an identical workpiece known to be free of flaws implies that the test piece contains one or more flaws. The technique of detecting the presence of flaws by sound attenuation is used in transmission methods as well as in the pulse-echo method. The main disadvantage of attenuation methods is that flaw depth cannot be measured.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
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Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
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Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
Page 651 and 652: The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654: Transducers of the kind most common
Page 655 and 656: Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
Page 657 and 658: In fact, the actual beam profile is
Page 659 and 660: Attenuation - As it travels through
Page 661 and 662: 3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
Page 663 and 664: Tone burst generators http://www.se
Page 665 and 666: Section of biphase modulated spread
Page 667 and 668: 3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
Page 669 and 670: Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
Page 671 and 672: Capacitance in a cable is usually m
Page 673 and 674: Quality Factor “Q”
Page 675 and 676: 3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
Page 677 and 678: Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680: In the A-scan presentation, relativ
Page 681 and 682: A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
Page 683 and 684: 3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
Page 685 and 686: B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
Page 687 and 688: It should be noted that a limitatio
Page 689 and 690: Q: In a B-scan display, the length
Page 691 and 692: C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
Page 694 and 695: C-Scan / A-Scan
Page 696 and 697: C-Scan
Page 698 and 699: C-Scan Recording
Page 700 and 701: The D scan- The D scan gives a side
Page 704 and 705: Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
Page 706 and 707: 3.15.6 Other Presentations
Page 708 and 709: 3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
Page 711 and 712: The Through Transmission Shadow Met
Page 713 and 714: The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
Page 715 and 716: During the set-up of immersion meth
Page 717 and 718: 3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
Page 719 and 720: Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
Page 721 and 722: Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
Page 723 and 724: Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
Page 725 and 726: Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
Page 727 and 728: Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
Page 729 and 730: Instrument Control: REJECT Control
Page 731 and 732: Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
Page 733 and 734: • A control that varies the level
Page 735 and 736: • High-voltage or low-voltage dri
Page 737 and 738: 3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
Page 739: 3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
Page 742 and 743: Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745: 3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
Page 746 and 747: Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749: • Third, echoes are indicated by
Page 750 and 751: 3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
Page 752 and 753:
System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
Page 760 and 761:
Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
Page 794 and 795:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
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IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
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The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
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Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
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A distance amplitude correction cur
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DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
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Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
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3.) Position the transducer over th
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5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
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DAC Curve
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Gain Control for FSH: It should be
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Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
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4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
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Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
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4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
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4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
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4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
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Section 5: Measurement Techniques
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Expert at works
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d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
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A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
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Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
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Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
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Expert at works
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
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A test program had been first carri
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6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
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Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
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The test sample may be of any geome
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Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
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Note on units: If sound velocity is
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Experts at work
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This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
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3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
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3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
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Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
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Casting In castings flaw detection
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Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
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During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
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The BondMaster 1000e+.
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
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Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
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The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
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Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
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http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
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Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
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Material Attenuation Determination:
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IF zero Material attenuation: The s
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Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
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Construction of Beam Edges:
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The other edge:
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Construction of beam spread at 25mm
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Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
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Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
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First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
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Finding the probe index
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Calibration for range:
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
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DAC Curve
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DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Comparison of
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Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
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DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
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Locating reflectors with an angle-b
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
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Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
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The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
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PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
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Matrix Columns, y coordinates
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10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
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X X X X X X X X X X X X
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50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
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65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
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68. When the incident angle is chos
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Q: In a UT test system where signal
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Q: The intended purpose of the adju
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Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
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1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
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Ultrasonic Formula
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3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
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Q2: What is the percentage of sound
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Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
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Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
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The following formula relates some
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10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
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Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
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Apparent Near Zone distance
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The focal length F is determined by
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Calculate the offset for following
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14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
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Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
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- Distance Gain Size is a method of
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In the general diagram the size of
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Example: If you has a signal at a c
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More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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Figure2:
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16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
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Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
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Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
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RC- Resolution Calibration Block
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17. Surface waves are used to detec
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45. When examining thin materials f
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Questions & Answers
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Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
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Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
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Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
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Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
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Q2-14 What is the offset required,
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Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
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Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
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Always Check the units correctly!!!
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Smart Engineer do not made mistake
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Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
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Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
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Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
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Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
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Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
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Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
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Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
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Q4-18 Answer:
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Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
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Q5-22 Answer: Class C
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5. At a solid to free boundary, an
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13. An oscilloscope display in whic
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17. Transducer focal lengths are no
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53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
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72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1873 and 1874:
Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
Page 1878 and 1879:
Page 1880 and 1881:
Page 1882 and 1883:
Page 1884 and 1885:
Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
Page 1886 and 1887:
Page 1888 and 1889:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1890 and 1891:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1892 and 1893:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
Page 1897 and 1898:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1903 and 1904:
Questions & Answers
Page 1905 and 1906:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1907 and 1908:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1909 and 1910:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1911 and 1912:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1914 and 1915:
Page 1916 and 1917:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1918 and 1919:
Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
Page 1920 and 1921:
Production Platform http://www.stud
Page 1922 and 1923:
Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
Page 1924 and 1925:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 1926 and 1927:
5. When angle beam contact testing
Page 1928 and 1929:
9. The random distribution of cryst
Page 1930 and 1931:
13. In immersion testing, the near
Page 1932 and 1933:
17. As frequency increases in ultra
Page 1934 and 1935:
Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
Page 1936 and 1937:
23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
Page 1938 and 1939:
27. Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1940 and 1941:
31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
Page 1942 and 1943:
35. Which circuit triggers the puls
Page 1944 and 1945:
39. In immersion testing in a small
Page 1946 and 1947:
42. In an automatic scanning immers
Page 1948 and 1949:
43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
Page 1950 and 1951:
47. Compensation for the variation
Page 1952 and 1953:
51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
Page 1954 and 1955:
55. As transducer diameter decrease
Page 1956 and 1957:
59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
Page 1958 and 1959:
63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
Page 1960 and 1961:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963:
70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965:
74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
Page 1966 and 1967:
78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969:
81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
Page 1972 and 1973:
87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
Page 1974 and 1975:
91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977:
95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979:
99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981:
101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983:
105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985:
109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987:
112. Properties of shear or transve
Page 1988 and 1989:
117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995:
129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003:
145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005:
149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
Page 2036 and 2037:
197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
Page 2044 and 2045:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 2047 and 2048:
Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
Page 2056 and 2057:
Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
Page 2060 and 2061:
Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
Page 2066 and 2067:
Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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