Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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At Interface: Reflection & Transmittance
At Interface: Reflection & Transmittance At first glance a sound pressure exceeding 100 % seems paradoxical and one suspects a contradiction of the energy law. However, according to Eq. (1.4) the intensity, i.e. the energy per unit time and unit area, is not calculated from the sound pressure (squared) only but also from the acoustic impedance of the material in which the wave travels. However, since this impedance in steel is very much greater than in water, the calculation shows that the intensity of the transmitted wave is very much smaller there than in water in spite of the higher sound pressure.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
Page 351 and 352: Sound Levels- Relative dB
Page 353 and 354: “Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
Page 356 and 357: dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
Page 358 and 359: Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
Page 360 and 361: Practice: dB
Page 362 and 363: Example Calculation 2 If the intens
Page 364 and 365: What is the absolute rock concert s
Page 366 and 367: Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
Page 368 and 369: 学习总是开心事
Page 379 and 380: Typical sound velocities
Page 381 and 382: Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 383 and 384: 3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
Page 385 and 386: Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
Page 387 and 388: Piezoelectric Properties The conver
Page 389 and 390: Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
Page 391 and 392: Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
Page 393 and 394: Piezoelectric crystals
Page 397 and 398: The active element of most acoustic
Page 399 and 400: The fundamental frequency of the tr
Page 401: At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 411 and 412: ■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
Page 413 and 414: SiO3-Silicon Quartz
Page 415 and 416: Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
Page 417 and 418: ■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
Page 419 and 420: BaTiO 3
Page 421 and 422: Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
Page 423 and 424: ■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
Page 425 and 426: 350°C is also goof for:
Page 427 and 428: 350°C is also goof for:
Page 429 and 430: Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
Page 431: http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
Page 434 and 435: Ceramic Transducer
Page 436 and 437: Q68: Which of the following transdu
Page 438 and 439: Q73: Which of the following is the
Page 440 and 441: Transducer
Page 442 and 443: 3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
Page 444 and 445: Transducer
Page 446 and 447: Transducer: Angle Beam
Page 448 and 449: 3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
Page 450 and 451: Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Page 566 and 567:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 608 and 609:
Couplant
Page 610 and 611:
Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
Page 612 and 613:
EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
Page 618 and 619:
Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
Page 628 and 629:
3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
Page 689 and 690:
Q: In a B-scan display, the length
Page 691 and 692:
C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
Page 735 and 736:
• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
Page 746 and 747:
Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749:
• Third, echoes are indicated by
Page 750 and 751:
3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
Page 752 and 753:
System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
Page 758 and 759:
Q129: An A-scan display, which show
Page 760 and 761:
Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
Page 762 and 763:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 764 and 765:
3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
Page 770 and 771:
3.18.4 Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction
Page 778 and 779:
This diagram shows an interference.
Page 780 and 781:
Interference
Page 782 and 783:
3.19 Questions & Answers
Page 784 and 785:
Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
Page 794 and 795:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
Page 800 and 801:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 812 and 813:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 814 and 815:
The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
Page 820 and 821:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
Page 836 and 837:
Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
Page 844 and 845:
Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
Page 850 and 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860:
Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862:
3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864:
5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 867:
Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879:
4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889:
Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891:
4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893:
4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 912:
5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
Page 922 and 923:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
Page 950 and 951:
Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
Page 954 and 955:
d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
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A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
Page 960 and 961:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 963 and 964:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 965 and 966:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 967 and 968:
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 975 and 976:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
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Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
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Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
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Expert at works
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
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A test program had been first carri
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6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
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Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
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The test sample may be of any geome
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Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
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Note on units: If sound velocity is
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Experts at work
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This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
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3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
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3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
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Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
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Casting In castings flaw detection
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Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
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During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
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The BondMaster 1000e+.
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
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Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
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The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
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Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
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Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
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Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
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Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
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Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
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Finding the probe index
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Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
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DAC Curve
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DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Comparison of
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Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
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DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
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Locating reflectors with an angle-b
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
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Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
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Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
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The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
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PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
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Matrix Columns, y coordinates
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10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
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X X X X X X X X X X X X
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50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
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65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
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68. When the incident angle is chos
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Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
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Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
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1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
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Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
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What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
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Q2: What is the percentage of sound
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Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
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Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
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The following formula relates some
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10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
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Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
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Apparent Near Zone distance
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The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
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14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
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Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
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- Distance Gain Size is a method of
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In the general diagram the size of
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Example: If you has a signal at a c
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More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
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Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
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17. Surface waves are used to detec
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45. When examining thin materials f
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Questions & Answers
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Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
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Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
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Always Check the units correctly!!!
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Smart Engineer do not made mistake
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Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
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Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
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Q4-18 Answer:
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Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
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Q5-22 Answer: Class C
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5. At a solid to free boundary, an
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13. An oscilloscope display in whic
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17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
Page 1897 and 1898:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1903 and 1904:
Questions & Answers
Page 1905 and 1906:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1907 and 1908:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1909 and 1910:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1911 and 1912:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1914 and 1915:
Page 1916 and 1917:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1918 and 1919:
Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
Page 1920 and 1921:
Production Platform http://www.stud
Page 1922 and 1923:
Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
Page 1924 and 1925:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 1926 and 1927:
5. When angle beam contact testing
Page 1928 and 1929:
9. The random distribution of cryst
Page 1930 and 1931:
13. In immersion testing, the near
Page 1932 and 1933:
17. As frequency increases in ultra
Page 1934 and 1935:
Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
Page 1936 and 1937:
23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
Page 1938 and 1939:
27. Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1940 and 1941:
31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
Page 1942 and 1943:
35. Which circuit triggers the puls
Page 1944 and 1945:
39. In immersion testing in a small
Page 1946 and 1947:
42. In an automatic scanning immers
Page 1948 and 1949:
43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
Page 1950 and 1951:
47. Compensation for the variation
Page 1952 and 1953:
51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
Page 1954 and 1955:
55. As transducer diameter decrease
Page 1956 and 1957:
59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
Page 1958 and 1959:
63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
Page 1960 and 1961:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963:
70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965:
74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
Page 1966 and 1967:
78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969:
81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
Page 1972 and 1973:
87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
Page 1974 and 1975:
91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977:
95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979:
99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981:
101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983:
105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985:
109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987:
112. Properties of shear or transve
Page 1988 and 1989:
117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995:
129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003:
145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005:
149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
Page 2036 and 2037:
197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
Page 2044 and 2045:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 2047 and 2048:
Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
Page 2056 and 2057:
Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
Page 2060 and 2061:
Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
Page 2066 and 2067:
Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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