Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

There is ongoing research to develop general models that relate electrical
inputs (voltage, current) to mechanical outputs (force, velocity) and vice-versa.
These models can be very robust in giving accurate prediction of transducer
response, but suffer from a lack of accurate modeling of physical variables
inherent in transducer manufacturing. These electrical-mechanical response
models must take into account the physical and electrical components in the
figure below.