Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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In the transverse or shear wave, the particles oscillate at a right angle or transverse to the direction of propagation. Shear waves require an acoustically solid material for effective propagation, and therefore, are not effectively propagated in materials such as liquids or gasses. Shear waves are relatively weak when compared to longitudinal waves. In fact, shear waves are usually generated in materials using some of the energy from longitudinal waves. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Ultrasonics/Graphics/Flash/transverse.swf
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
Page 23 and 24: Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 25 and 26: Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 27 and 28: Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 29 and 30: Section 1: Introduction
Page 31 and 32: 1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
Page 33 and 34: In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
Page 35 and 36: Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
Page 37 and 38: Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
Page 39 and 40: Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
Page 41 and 42: • Operation is electronic, which
Page 43 and 44: 1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
Page 46 and 47: Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
Page 48 and 49: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 50: Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
Page 53 and 54: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 55 and 56: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 57 and 58: Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
Page 59 and 60: Q151 A point, line or surface of a
Page 61 and 62: 2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
Page 63 and 64: Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
Page 65 and 66: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 67 and 68: In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
Page 69: Longitudinal Wave
Page 72 and 73: Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
Page 76 and 77: Q10: For a shear wave travelling fr
Page 78 and 79: Rayleigh waves are a type of surfac
Page 80 and 81: Q29: The longitudinal wave incident
Page 82 and 83: The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 84 and 85: Surface wave
Page 86 and 87: Surface wave has the ability to fol
Page 88 and 89: Surface wave - One wavelength deep
Page 90 and 91: Love Wave http://web.ics.purdue.edu
Page 92 and 93: Other Reading: Rayleigh Waves Surfa
Page 94 and 95: Q110: What kind of wave mode travel
Page 96 and 97: 2.2.6 Lamb Wave: Lamb waves propaga
Page 98 and 99: Types of Wave New! • Plate wave-
Page 100 and 101: Plate or Lamb waves are similar to
Page 102 and 103: With Lamb waves, a number of modes
Page 104 and 105: Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 106 and 107: Symmetrical = extensional mode
Page 108 and 109: The form is determined by whether t
Page 110 and 111: Q1: The wave mode that has multiple
Page 112 and 113: Dispersion refers to the fact that
Page 114 and 115: Thickness Limitation: One can not g
Page 116 and 117: Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 118 and 119: In terms of the spring model, Hooke
Page 120 and 121: Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 122 and 123: Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law, whe
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What properties of material affect
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Where V is the speed of sound, C is
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Q50: The principle attributes that
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E/N/G
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Examples of approximate compression
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Shear Wave Velocity: V S The veloci
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The applet below shows a longitudin
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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As can be noted by the equation, a
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The two velocities of sound are lin
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Sensitivity and resolution are two
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2.5.2 Grain Size & Frequency Select
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Since more things in a material are
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Detectability variable: • pulse l
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Q7: When a material grain size is o
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Pulse Length: A sound pulse traveli
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Determining cross sectional area us
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Pulse volume rule-of-thumb: Competi
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When sound travels through a medium
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Scattering: Grain Size and Wave Fre
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Spreading/ Scattering / adsorption
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The units of the attenuation value
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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A o Ut A
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2.6.3 Frequency selection There is
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Q94: In general, which of the follo
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Q7: When the material grain size is
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Transmission & Reflection Animation
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The following applet can be used to
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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2.8: Reflection and Transmission Co
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Since the amount of reflected energ
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Note that the reflection and transm
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If reflection and transmission at i
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Further Reading (Olympus Technical
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Further Reading: Reflection & Trans
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2.9: Refraction and Snell's Law
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V s1 Only If this medium support sh
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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3368/
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Note that in the diagram, there is
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Snell Law
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Snell Law
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Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
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Snell Law: First critical angle
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Q155 Which of the following can occ
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Q: When angle beam contact testing
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Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
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More on Snell Law Like light, when
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http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
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Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
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Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
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In the applet below, the shear (tra
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Creep wave
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Beyond the first critical angle, on
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Note that the applet defaults to co
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Offset of Normal probe above circul
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q118: At the water-steel interface,
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Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
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Q53. The term used to determined th
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The absolute noise level and the ab
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Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
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Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
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Determining cross sectional area us
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4. Decreases in materials with high
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Pulse Length Affect Resolution
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Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
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UT Transducer
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UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
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UT Transducer
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When the origins of the two interac
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However, as stated previously, soun
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Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
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Of course, there are more than two
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2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
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The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
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Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields
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where D is the diameter of the tran
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Q: Where does beam divergence occur
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Q160 Beam divergence is a function
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Dead Zone - The interval following
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
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Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
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Large Reflector Inverse Rule
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Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
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Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
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Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
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Application Case#1: The specimen's
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Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
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Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
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dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
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The Decibel The equation used to de
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Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
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Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
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Since transducers and microphones p
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Sound Levels- Relative
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Practice:
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
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Absolute: The standard reference so
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Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
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Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
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Example Calculation 3 Consider the
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2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
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Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
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学习总是开心事
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Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
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Wavelength in mm for Steel
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone B
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• Sensitivity is the ability of t
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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This alignment of molecules will ca
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Transducer Effectiveness The effect
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The thickness of the active element
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
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Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
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3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
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Quartz
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■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
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Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
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BaTiO 3
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■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
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Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
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350°C is also goof for:
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Curie Temperature: In physics and m
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Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
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Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
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Q67: Which of the following transdu
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Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
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3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
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Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
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Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
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Transducer: Straight Beam
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Transducer Cut-Out
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3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
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3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
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3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
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When signals are in phase, their am
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Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
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Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
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In the early days of ultrasonic tes
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Transducer Damping (illustration wi
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Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -14dB
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Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
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Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
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48. A more highly damped transducer
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Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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The relation between MHz bandwidth
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The approximate relations shown in
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Instrumentation Band Width:
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Q164: The resolving power of a tran
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3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
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The pressure waves combine to form
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Angular characteristics for large d
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Angular characteristics: Spatial di
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Angular characteristics: Sound pres
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探子
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Although beam spread must be consid
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Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
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For a flat piston source transducer
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3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
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Contact probe
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Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
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Unfocused & Focused
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Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
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Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
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This change in the focal length can
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q18: Which of the following is an a
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3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
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The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
Page 538 and 539:
Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
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Figure (13).
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Duo Elements Transducer
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Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
Page 546 and 547:
Delay Lined Transducer
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TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
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Cross Talk at High Gain
Page 553 and 554:
Probe Delay
Page 555 and 556:
3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
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3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
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3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
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UT Technician At works- Salute!
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Manufacturers often provide time an
Page 585 and 586:
Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
Page 587 and 588:
Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
Page 589 and 590:
Other tests may include the followi
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Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
Page 595 and 596:
Shock excitation
Page 597 and 598:
Frequency Response--The frequency r
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3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
Page 601 and 602:
The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
Page 603 and 604:
Couplant
Page 605 and 606:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 607 and 608:
Couplant
Page 609 and 610:
3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
Page 611 and 612:
F is the body force per unit volume
Page 613 and 614:
A number of practical EMAT configur
Page 615 and 616:
Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
Page 617 and 618:
Challenges and Disadvantages The di
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http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
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EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
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Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
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Cross-sectional view of a meander c
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Practical EMAT designs are relative
Page 629 and 630:
The pulser section of the instrumen
Page 631 and 632:
Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
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Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
Page 636 and 637:
Pulse Length
Page 638 and 639:
Pulse Length
Page 640 and 641:
Pulse Length and Wave form
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Wave form Quality Factor
Page 644 and 645:
Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
Page 646 and 647:
Modulus of the electrical impedance
Page 648 and 649:
Transducers
Page 650 and 651:
In the receiver section the voltage
Page 652 and 653:
Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
Page 654 and 655:
Frequency - The number of wave cycl
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Sensitivity - The relationship betw
Page 658 and 659:
Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
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Q15: A significant limitation of a
Page 662 and 663:
Tone burst generators
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3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
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In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
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Data Signals: Input versus Output C
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Shielding is normally specified as
Page 672 and 673:
3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
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Quality Factor “Q” High quality
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Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
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3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
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A-Scan
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In the illustration of the A-scan p
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B-Scan
Page 686 and 687:
B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
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B-Scan
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3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
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C-Scan
Page 695 and 696:
High resolution scans can produce v
Page 697 and 698:
C-Scan Recording
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3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
Page 701 and 702:
AUT Displays
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In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
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Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
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3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
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Through Transmission Techniques
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3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
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3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
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¼ T T
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3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
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Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
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Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
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Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
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3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
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Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
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Instrument Control: Display Control
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Instrument Controls: • A marker c
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Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
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Figure above Block diagram circuitr
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Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
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A basic instrument contains several
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Applications. The chief value of B-
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• First, the display is generated
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Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
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Typical C-scan setup, including dis
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Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
Page 755 and 756:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
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Q30: The time from the start of the
Page 759 and 760:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18.2 Reflection 西塘
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How do reflection, refraction, and
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3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction happen when light tries
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3.18.5 Interference
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Interference
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Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
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Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
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Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
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Expert at Works-Salute!
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Section 4: Calibration Methods
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4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
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In ultrasonic testing, there is als
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Introduction to the Common Standard
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type I Calibration Block
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
Page 813 and 814:
V2 Calibration Block
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Calibration Blocks
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The standard shown in the above fig
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
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V1/5, A2 Block
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DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
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A block that closely resembles the
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Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
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30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
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Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
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Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
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The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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ASTM E 127
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Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
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Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
Page 847 and 848:
4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
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http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 854 and 855:
The following applet shows a test b
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Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
Page 858 and 859:
Back Wall Echo
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2.) This example represents the use
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4.) With no further adjustments to
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Plotting DAC Curve
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DAC Curve
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Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
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4.2.2: Finding the probe index
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Exit Point- A5 Block
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Checking the probe angle
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Probe Angles- A5 Block
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
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Echo from 100mm circular Section
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50 mm radius from V2 Block
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Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
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Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
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4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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Transfer and Attenuation Correction
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4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
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Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
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Tolerance Frequency of checking The
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Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
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Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
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Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 921 and 922:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
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Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 925 and 926:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 927 and 928:
Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 929 and 930:
The resulting model allows computat
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Curvature Corrections
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Curvature Correction
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4.4: Calibration References & Stand
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Reference Reflectors: are used as a
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Reference Reflectors are used as a
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Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 943 and 944:
4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
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Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
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Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
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5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
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A-Scan
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Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
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5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
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Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Dead Zone
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Flaw Location
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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The angled sound beam is highly sen
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How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
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There are two advantages to designi
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Contoured wedges
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Focused dual element angle beams Th
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threaded snap-in steel with a shear
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Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
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Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
Page 994 and 995:
6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
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5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
Page 1000 and 1001:
20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1002 and 1003:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1004 and 1005:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1006 and 1007:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1008 and 1009:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1010 and 1011:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1012 and 1013:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1014 and 1015:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1016 and 1017:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1018 and 1019:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
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EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
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5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
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The most common method used to get
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Attenuation:
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Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
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Spread Spectrum UT
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Two discrimination technique are te
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5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
Page 1036 and 1037:
The frequency domain display shows
Page 1038 and 1039:
Fourier Analysis
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The following Fourier Java applet,
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5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
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Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
Page 1052 and 1053:
Influence of reflector orientation
Page 1054 and 1055:
Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
Page 1056 and 1057:
5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
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Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
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5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
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Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
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Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1072 and 1073:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators The manipulator is pri
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Bridges When the manipulator is aut
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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An unfocused transducer may be used
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Focus may be designated in three wa
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Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1090 and 1091:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1092 and 1093:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
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5.10: Scanning Patterns
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5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1098 and 1099:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
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5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
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Specimen Surface Interference Exces
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Specimen Surface Interference- You
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Material Geometric Interference Fal
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1112 and 1113:
Non Relevant Indications The geomet
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Entry surface variables: Surface ro
Page 1116 and 1117:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
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Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
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The coating is sufficiently thin th
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5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
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In more practical terms, for water
Page 1126 and 1127:
For example the plastics listed in
Page 1128 and 1129:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1130 and 1131:
Hence:
Page 1132 and 1133:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
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Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1136 and 1137:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
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Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
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Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1142 and 1143:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1144 and 1145:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
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Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
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Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1152 and 1153:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1156 and 1157:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
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Flaw Orientation: Parallel / Perpen
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6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1166 and 1167:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1205 and 1206:
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
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Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
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Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
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Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
Page 1225 and 1226:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
Page 1229 and 1230:
Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
Page 1231 and 1232:
Longitudinal cracks- Detected by fl
Page 1233 and 1234:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
Page 1235 and 1236:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1237 and 1238:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1239 and 1240:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
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Techniques: (c) same with additiona
Page 1243 and 1244:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
Page 1245 and 1246:
UT Calculator
Page 1247 and 1248:
The second step in the inspection i
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https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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6.3.2 Weld Scanning
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Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1272 and 1273:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1274 and 1275:
Experts at work
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Pipe Scanning
Page 1278 and 1279:
Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1282 and 1283:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1284 and 1285:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1286 and 1287:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1288 and 1289:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1290 and 1291:
Expert at works
Page 1292 and 1293:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1294 and 1295:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1296 and 1297:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1298 and 1299:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1302 and 1303:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1306 and 1307:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1308 and 1309:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Differences between th
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic Crack
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Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1336 and 1337:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1338 and 1339:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1342 and 1343:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1344 and 1345:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1346 and 1347:
Q50: The reflection amplitude of a
Page 1348 and 1349:
Crack - Air filled Crack has greate
Page 1350 and 1351:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1352 and 1353:
6.6: Technique Sheets
Page 1354 and 1355:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1356 and 1357:
Physical Dimension
Page 1358 and 1359:
Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
Page 1362 and 1363:
Mock-Up
Page 1364 and 1365:
Mock-Up
Page 1366 and 1367:
Mock-Up
Page 1368 and 1369:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1370 and 1371:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Set-up
Page 1372 and 1373:
6.7: Material Properties- Elastic M
Page 1374 and 1375:
6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
Page 1376 and 1377:
6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
Page 1378 and 1379:
Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
Page 1380 and 1381:
These basic material properties, wh
Page 1382 and 1383:
Equipment: The velocity measurement
Page 1384 and 1385:
Testing Procedure: Equipment Used.
Page 1386 and 1387:
Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
Page 1388 and 1389:
6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
Page 1390 and 1391:
1.0 Background: Although most ultra
Page 1392 and 1393:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1394 and 1395:
Page 1396 and 1397:
Page 1398 and 1399:
敦煌大漠美食 - 50 度
Page 1400 and 1401:
2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
Page 1402 and 1403:
For precision thickness gauging app
Page 1404 and 1405:
(1b) Flaw detection As in high temp
Page 1406 and 1407:
2.2 High Temperature Couplants Most
Page 1408 and 1409:
Keyword: Note that normal incidence
Page 1410 and 1411:
As a general rule, if the outer cas
Page 1412 and 1413:
2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
Page 1414 and 1415:
Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 1416 and 1417:
3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 1418 and 1419:
3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
Page 1420:
6.9: Dimension-Measurement Applicat
Page 1424 and 1425:
6.9.2 Thickness measurements are ma
Page 1426 and 1427:
6.9.3 Position measurements Positio
Page 1428 and 1429:
Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 1430 and 1431:
Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
Page 1432 and 1433:
6.10: In-Service Inspection
Page 1434 and 1435:
In-Service Inspection- Testing for
Page 1436 and 1437:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
Page 1438 and 1439:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Testing
Page 1440 and 1441:
6.11: Casting
Page 1442 and 1443:
Casting- Typical casting defects an
Page 1444 and 1445:
Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
Page 1446 and 1447:
Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
Page 1448 and 1449:
Olympus Data on Bond Testing Our co
Page 1450 and 1451:
The BondMaster 1000e+ allows users
Page 1452 and 1453:
Bond Testing: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT B
Page 1454 and 1455:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Eight Frequenc
Page 1456 and 1457:
Customers who already own an OmniSc
Page 1458 and 1459:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1460 and 1461:
Q41: The best type of frequency for
Page 1462 and 1463:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1464 and 1465:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1466 and 1467:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1468 and 1469:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1470 and 1471:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1472 and 1473:
Family Day
Page 1474 and 1475:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1476 and 1477:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1478 and 1479:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1480 and 1481:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1482 and 1483:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1484 and 1485:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1486 and 1487:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1488 and 1489:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1490 and 1491:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1492 and 1493:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1494 and 1495:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1496 and 1497:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1498 and 1499:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1500 and 1501:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1502 and 1503:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1504 and 1505:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1506 and 1507:
Page 1508 and 1509:
Page 1510 and 1511:
Sail Off
Page 1512 and 1513:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1514 and 1515:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1516:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1521 and 1522:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1523 and 1524:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1525 and 1526:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1527 and 1528:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1533:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1536 and 1537:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1538 and 1539:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1540 and 1541:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1542 and 1543:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1544 and 1545:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1546 and 1547:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1548 and 1549:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1550 and 1551:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1552 and 1553:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1554 and 1555:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1556 and 1557:
Finding the probe index
Page 1558 and 1559:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1560 and 1561:
Calibration for range:
Page 1562 and 1563:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1564 and 1565:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1566 and 1567:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1568 and 1569:
Page 1570 and 1571:
Page 1572 and 1573:
The DAC
Page 1574 and 1575:
DAC Curve
Page 1576 and 1577:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1578 and 1579:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1580 and 1581:
Transfer Corection
Page 1582 and 1583:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1584 and 1585:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1586 and 1587:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1588 and 1589:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1590 and 1591:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1592 and 1593:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1594 and 1595:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1596 and 1597:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1598 and 1599:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1600 and 1601:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1602 and 1603:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1604 and 1605:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1606 and 1607:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1608 and 1609:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1610 and 1611:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1612 and 1613:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1614 and 1615:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1616 and 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1622 and 1623:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1624 and 1625:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1626 and 1627:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1628 and 1629:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1630 and 1631:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1632 and 1633:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1634 and 1635:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1636 and 1637:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1642 and 1643:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1644 and 1645:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1646 and 1647:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1648 and 1649:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1650 and 1651:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1652 and 1653:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1654 and 1655:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1656 and 1657:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1658 and 1659:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1660 and 1661:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1662 and 1663:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1664 and 1665:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1666 and 1667:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1668 and 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1672 and 1673:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1674 and 1675:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1676 and 1677:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1678 and 1679:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1680 and 1681:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1682 and 1683:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1688 and 1689:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1690 and 1691:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1692 and 1693:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1694 and 1695:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1696 and 1697:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1702 and 1703:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1706 and 1707:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1708 and 1709:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1710 and 1711:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1712:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1717 and 1718:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1720 and 1721:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1722 and 1723:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1724 and 1725:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1726 and 1727:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1728 and 1729:
E/N/G
Page 1730 and 1731:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1732 and 1733:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1734 and 1735:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1736 and 1737:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1738 and 1739:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1740 and 1741:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1742 and 1743:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1744 and 1745:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1746 and 1747:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1748 and 1749:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1750 and 1751:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1752 and 1753:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1754:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1758 and 1759:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1760 and 1761:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1762 and 1763:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1764 and 1765:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1766:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1769 and 1770:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1771 and 1772:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1773 and 1774:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1775 and 1776:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1777:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1780 and 1781:
Figure1:
Page 1782 and 1783:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1784 and 1785:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1790 and 1791:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers I C
Page 1792 and 1793:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1794 and 1795:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1796 and 1797:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1798 and 1799:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1800 and 1801:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1802 and 1803:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1805 and 1806:
Table 1.2
Page 1807 and 1808:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1809 and 1810:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1811 and 1812:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1813 and 1814:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1815 and 1816:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1817 and 1818:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1819 and 1820:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1821 and 1822:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1823 and 1824:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1825 and 1826:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1827 and 1828:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1829 and 1830:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1831 and 1832:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1833 and 1834:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1835 and 1836:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1837 and 1838:
Q4-16
Page 1839 and 1840:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1841 and 1842:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1843 and 1844:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1845:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1848 and 1849:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1850 and 1851:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1852 and 1853:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1854 and 1855:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1856:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1861 and 1862:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1863 and 1864:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1865 and 1866:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1867 and 1868:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1869:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1872 and 1873:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1874 and 1875:
Page 1876:
Page 1879 and 1880:
Page 1881 and 1882:
Page 1883 and 1884:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1885 and 1886:
Page 1887 and 1888:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1889 and 1890:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1891 and 1892:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1893:
Page 1896 and 1897:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1898 and 1899:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1900 and 1901:
Expert at Works
Page 1902 and 1903:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1904 and 1905:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1906 and 1907:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1908 and 1909:
2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
Page 1910 and 1911:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1912:
Page 1915 and 1916:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1917 and 1918:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1919 and 1920:
Offshore Lifts
Page 1921 and 1922:
Top Scorer
Page 1923 and 1924:
Exercises Studyblue-01
Page 1925 and 1926:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 1927 and 1928:
7. The simple experiment where a st
Page 1929 and 1930:
11. The differences in signals rece
Page 1931 and 1932:
15. Which of the following may resu
Page 1933 and 1934:
19. When examining materials for pl
Page 1935 and 1936:
21. Rayleigh waves are influenced m
Page 1937 and 1938:
25. Which of the following scanning
Page 1939 and 1940:
29. At an interface between two dif
Page 1941 and 1942:
33. In the immersion technique, the
Page 1943 and 1944:
37. On an A-scan display, what repr
Page 1945 and 1946:
41. A 152 mm (6 in) diameter rod is
Page 1947 and 1948:
Immersion Testing Bridge Manipulato
Page 1949 and 1950:
45. Which best describes a typical
Page 1951 and 1952:
49. During a straight beam ultrason
Page 1953 and 1954:
53. A smooth flat discontinuity who
Page 1955 and 1956:
57. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1957 and 1958:
61. Large gains in a metallic test
Page 1959 and 1960:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1961 and 1962:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1963 and 1964:
72. If you were requested to design
Page 1965 and 1966:
76. The electronic circuitry that a
Page 1967 and 1968:
80. The angle formed by an ultrason
Page 1969 and 1970:
83. A grouping of a number of cryst
Page 1971 and 1972:
85. The angular position of the ref
Page 1973 and 1974:
89. The change in direction of an u
Page 1975 and 1976:
93. In general, shear waves are mor
Page 1977 and 1978:
97. The speed with which ultrasonic
Page 1979 and 1980:
Barbecue Lamb
Page 1981 and 1982:
103. If ultrasonic wave is transmit
Page 1983 and 1984:
107. When inspecting a rolled or fo
Page 1985 and 1986:
111. During immersion testing of an
Page 1987 and 1988:
115. One of the most common applica
Page 1989 and 1990:
119. At a water-steel interface the
Page 1991 and 1992:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1993 and 1994:
127. The instrument displays a plan
Page 1995 and 1996:
131. The motion of particles in a s
Page 1997 and 1998:
135. As frequency increases in ultr
Page 1999 and 2000:
139. The velocity of longitudinal w
Page 2001 and 2002:
143. A diagram in which the entire
Page 2003 and 2004:
147. The expansion and contraction
Page 2005 and 2006:
151. A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 2007 and 2008:
153. When an ultrasonic beam reache
Page 2009 and 2010:
157. The most common used method of
Page 2011 and 2012:
161. Acoustic velocities of materia
Page 2013 and 2014:
165. The resolving power of a trans
Page 2015 and 2016:
169. Because the velocity of sound
Page 2017 and 2018:
173. In an A-scan presentation, the
Page 2019 and 2020:
Fiesta
Page 2021 and 2022:
Choices
Page 2023 and 2024:
179. Low frequency sound waves are
Page 2025 and 2026:
Frequency = 5 MHZ, Wavelength λ =
Page 2027 and 2028:
181. In immersion testing, the acce
Page 2029 and 2030:
183. In immersion testing, irreleva
Page 2031 and 2032:
187. The property of certain materi
Page 2033 and 2034:
191. The lack of parallelism betwee
Page 2035 and 2036:
195. Reducing the extent of the dea
Page 2037 and 2038:
199. Attenuation is the loss of the
Page 2039 and 2040:
203. The most commonly used method
Page 2041 and 2042:
Chicken & Squid Satay Treats
Page 2043 and 2044:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 2045:
Addendum-04C Questions & Answers- I
Page 2048 and 2049:
Production Island
Page 2050 and 2051:
At works
Page 2053 and 2054:
Assorted Exercises
Page 2055 and 2056:
Q23. Propagation of ultrasonic wave
Page 2057 and 2058:
Q30. The sum of reflection & transm
Page 2059 and 2060:
Practice 2: Source: Lavender Intern
Page 2061 and 2062:
Q3. On a scan display the dead zone
Page 2063 and 2064:
Q7. In which zone does the amplitud
Page 2065 and 2066:
Q11. Of an A-scan display what repr
Page 2067 and 2068:
Q15. The ratio of the velocity of s
Page 2069 and 2070:
19. The total energy losses occurri
Page 2071 and 2072:
Other Sources
Page 2073:
Q47: A major (!) limitation of usin
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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