Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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For example, sound waves are almost completely reflected at metal/gas interfaces. Partial reflection occurs at metal/liquid or metal/solid interfaces, with the specific percentage of reflected energy depending mainly on the ratios of certain properties of the material on opposing sides of the interface. Cracks, laminations, shrinkage cavities, bursts, flakes, pores, disbonds, and other discontinuities that produce reflective interfaces can be easily detected. Inclusions and other in-homogeneities can also be detected by causing partial reflection or scattering of the ultrasonic waves or by producing some other detectable effect on the ultrasonic waves.
In ultrasonic testing, the reflected wave signal is trans<strong>for</strong>med into an electrical signal by the transducer and is displayed on a screen. In the applet below, the reflected signal strength is displayed versus the time from signal generation to when a echo was received. Signal travel time can be directly related to the distance that the signal traveled. From the signal, in<strong>for</strong>mation about the reflector location, size, orientation and other features can sometimes be gained.
Page 1: Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
Page 6 and 7: Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
Page 8 and 9: Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
Page 10 and 11: 4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
Page 12 and 13: UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
Page 14 and 15: 3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
Page 16 and 17: ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
Page 18: Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
Page 21 and 22: Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
Page 23 and 24: Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 25 and 26: Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 27 and 28: Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 29 and 30: Section 1: Introduction
Page 31: 1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
Page 35 and 36: Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
Page 37 and 38: Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
Page 39 and 40: Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
Page 41 and 42: • Operation is electronic, which
Page 43 and 44: 1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
Page 46 and 47: Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
Page 48 and 49: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 50: Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
Page 53 and 54: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 55 and 56: Acoustic Spectrum
Page 57 and 58: Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
Page 59 and 60: Q151 A point, line or surface of a
Page 61 and 62: 2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
Page 63 and 64: Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
Page 65 and 66: Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 67 and 68: In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
Page 69: Longitudinal Wave
Page 72 and 73: Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
Page 74: In the transverse or shear wave, th
Page 77 and 78: 2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
Page 79 and 80: Rayleigh waves
Page 81 and 82: Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
Page 83 and 84:
The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 85 and 86:
Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
Page 87 and 88:
Surface wave - Following Contour Su
Page 89 and 90:
Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
Page 91 and 92:
Love Wave
Page 93 and 94:
At this depth, wave energy is about
Page 95 and 96:
Q: Which of the following modes of
Page 97 and 98:
Since the 1990s, the understanding
Page 99 and 100:
Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
Page 101 and 102:
Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
Page 103 and 104:
When guided in layers they are refe
Page 105 and 106:
Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 107 and 108:
Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
Page 111 and 112:
2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
Page 113 and 114:
Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
Page 115 and 116:
2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
Page 117 and 118:
Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 119 and 120:
Elastic Model
Page 121 and 122:
Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 123 and 124:
Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 125 and 126:
Since the mass m and the spring con
Page 127 and 128:
Elastic constant → spring constan
Page 129 and 130:
Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
Page 131 and 132:
When calculating the velocity of a
Page 133 and 134:
It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
Page 137 and 138:
2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 141 and 142:
Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
Page 153 and 154:
Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
Page 155 and 156:
Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
Page 157 and 158:
Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
Page 159 and 160:
2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
Page 162 and 163:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 164 and 165:
“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 166 and 167:
2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
Page 168 and 169:
Absorption: Sound attenuations are
Page 170 and 171:
Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
Page 172 and 173:
The amplitude change of a decaying
Page 174 and 175:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 176 and 177:
Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
Page 178:
2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
Page 181 and 182:
2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
Page 183 and 184:
Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
Page 185 and 186:
2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
Page 187 and 188:
Sound travels through materials und
Page 189 and 190:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 191 and 192:
Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
Page 193 and 194:
When the acoustic impedances of the
Page 195 and 196:
Reflection Coefficient:
Page 197 and 198:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 199 and 200:
Incident Wave other than Normal? -
Page 201 and 202:
Q: The figure above shown the parti
Page 203 and 204:
For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
Page 207 and 208:
Refraction and Snell's Law When an
Page 210 and 211:
Refraction takes place at an interf
Page 212:
Snell's Law describes the relations
Page 216 and 217:
Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
Page 218 and 219:
When a longitudinal wave moves from
Page 220 and 221:
Refraction and mode conversion occu
Page 222 and 223:
For example, calculate the first cr
Page 224 and 225:
Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
Page 226 and 227:
Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
Page 234 and 235:
Typical angle beam assemblies make
Page 236 and 237:
Depth & Skip
Page 238 and 239:
Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
Page 248 and 249:
V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
Page 252 and 253:
Transverse wave can be introduced i
Page 254 and 255:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 256 and 257:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 258 and 259:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 260 and 261:
Q1. From the above figures, if the
Page 262 and 263:
Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
Page 264 and 265:
Q1. If you were requested to design
Page 266 and 267:
2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
Page 268 and 269:
The following formula relates some
Page 270 and 271:
Rather than go into the details of
Page 273 and 274:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 275 and 276:
“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 277 and 278:
Pulse Length
Page 279 and 280:
2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
Page 281 and 282:
When waves interact, they superimpo
Page 283 and 284:
UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
Page 289 and 290:
With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
Page 315 and 316:
2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 319 and 320:
Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
Page 321 and 322:
Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
Page 323 and 324:
2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
Page 325 and 326:
Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
Page 329 and 330:
2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
Page 331 and 332:
Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
Page 333 and 334:
Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
Page 335 and 336:
From the natural frequencies it is
Page 337 and 338:
Q: The formula used to determine th
Page 339 and 340:
2.15 Measurement of Sound
Page 341 and 342:
Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
Page 343 and 344:
where: delta X is the difference in
Page 345 and 346:
From this table it can be seen that
Page 347 and 348:
However, the power or intensity of
Page 349 and 350:
Revising the table to reflect the r
Page 351 and 352:
Sound Levels- Relative dB
Page 353 and 354:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
Page 356 and 357:
dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
Page 358 and 359:
Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
Page 360 and 361:
Practice: dB
Page 362 and 363:
Example Calculation 2 If the intens
Page 364 and 365:
What is the absolute rock concert s
Page 366 and 367:
Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
Page 368 and 369:
学习总是开心事
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 379 and 380:
Typical sound velocities
Page 381 and 382:
Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 383 and 384:
3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
Page 385 and 386:
Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
Page 387 and 388:
Piezoelectric Properties The conver
Page 389 and 390:
Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
Page 391 and 392:
Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
Page 393 and 394:
Piezoelectric crystals
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
The active element of most acoustic
Page 399 and 400:
The fundamental frequency of the tr
Page 401 and 402:
At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 403 and 404:
At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
Page 413 and 414:
SiO3-Silicon Quartz
Page 415 and 416:
Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
Page 417 and 418:
■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
Page 419 and 420:
BaTiO 3
Page 421 and 422:
Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
Page 423 and 424:
■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
Page 425 and 426:
350°C is also goof for:
Page 427 and 428:
350°C is also goof for:
Page 429 and 430:
Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
Page 431:
http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
Page 434 and 435:
Ceramic Transducer
Page 436 and 437:
Q68: Which of the following transdu
Page 438 and 439:
Q73: Which of the following is the
Page 440 and 441:
Transducer
Page 442 and 443:
3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
Page 444 and 445:
Transducer
Page 446 and 447:
Transducer: Angle Beam
Page 448 and 449:
3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
Page 450 and 451:
Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
Page 452 and 453:
Note on Backing: The backing materi
Page 454 and 455:
Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
Page 456 and 457:
Transducers
Page 458 and 459:
3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
Page 460 and 461:
2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
Page 463 and 464:
3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
Page 465 and 466:
Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
Page 467 and 468:
Transducer Damping
Page 469 and 470:
Transducer Damping at -20dB
Page 471 and 472:
Transducer Damping
Page 473 and 474:
Wave form Duration at -10dB
Page 475 and 476:
Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
Page 477 and 478:
3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
Page 479 and 480:
The central frequency will also def
Page 481 and 482:
Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 483 and 484:
Transducers are constructed to with
Page 485 and 486:
Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
Page 487 and 488:
Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
Page 489 and 490:
Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
Page 491:
Since the ultrasound originates fro
Page 494 and 495:
Near Field
Page 496 and 497:
Angular characteristics: Lines of e
Page 498 and 499:
Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
Page 500 and 501:
For a piston source transducer of r
Page 502 and 503:
Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
Page 504 and 505:
Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
Page 506 and 507:
Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
Page 508 and 509:
3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
Page 510 and 511:
As shown in the applet below, beam
Page 513 and 514:
Beam angle is an important consider
Page 515 and 516:
3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
Page 517 and 518:
Contact Transducers
Page 519 and 520:
Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
Page 521 and 522:
3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
Page 523 and 524:
Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
Page 525 and 526:
Focal Length Equation: The focal le
Page 527 and 528:
Focal Length Variations
Page 529 and 530:
Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532:
Q79: What type of search unit allow
Page 533 and 534:
Q78: Which of the following is not
Page 535 and 536:
For a single crystal probe the leng
Page 537 and 538:
There are other advantages 1. Doubl
Page 539 and 540:
Advantages: Improves near surface r
Page 541 and 542:
Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
Page 543 and 544:
3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
Page 545 and 546:
Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
Page 547:
Delay lined Transducer
Page 550 and 551:
Probe Delay with TR-Probe
Page 552 and 553:
Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555:
Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
Page 556 and 557:
Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 568 and 569:
Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
Page 570 and 571:
Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
Page 572 and 573:
Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
Page 574 and 575:
Application of Normal incidence she
Page 576 and 577:
Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 578 and 579:
Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
Page 580 and 581:
Q: A special scanning device with t
Page 582 and 583:
3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
Page 584 and 585:
TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
Page 586 and 587:
Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
Page 588 and 589:
UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
Page 590 and 591:
Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
Page 594 and 595:
As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
Page 596 and 597:
Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
Page 598 and 599:
Sound Field Measurements--The objec
Page 600 and 601:
There is ongoing research to develo
Page 602 and 603:
3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
Page 604 and 605:
Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
Page 606 and 607:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 608 and 609:
Couplant
Page 610 and 611:
Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
Page 612 and 613:
EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
Page 616 and 617:
3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
Page 618 and 619:
Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
Page 622 and 623:
Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
Page 624 and 625:
EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
Page 626 and 627:
Cross-sectional view of a periodic
Page 628 and 629:
3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
Page 630 and 631:
Transducer Cut-out
Page 632 and 633:
Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
Page 634:
Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length
Page 641 and 642:
Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
Page 645 and 646:
Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
Page 647 and 648:
Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
Page 649 and 650:
Damping: Shock wave transducer and
Page 651 and 652:
The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
Page 655 and 656:
Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
Page 657 and 658:
In fact, the actual beam profile is
Page 659 and 660:
Attenuation - As it travels through
Page 661 and 662:
3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
Page 663 and 664:
Tone burst generators http://www.se
Page 665 and 666:
Section of biphase modulated spread
Page 667 and 668:
3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
Page 669 and 670:
Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
Page 671 and 672:
Capacitance in a cable is usually m
Page 673 and 674:
Quality Factor “Q”
Page 675 and 676:
3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
Page 677 and 678:
Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
Page 681 and 682:
A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
Page 683 and 684:
3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
Page 685 and 686:
B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
Page 687 and 688:
It should be noted that a limitatio
Page 689 and 690:
Q: In a B-scan display, the length
Page 691 and 692:
C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
Page 694 and 695:
C-Scan / A-Scan
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan
Page 698 and 699:
C-Scan Recording
Page 700 and 701:
The D scan- The D scan gives a side
Page 702 and 703:
3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
Page 704 and 705:
Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
Page 706 and 707:
3.15.6 Other Presentations
Page 708 and 709:
3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
Page 711 and 712:
The Through Transmission Shadow Met
Page 713 and 714:
The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
Page 715 and 716:
During the set-up of immersion meth
Page 717 and 718:
3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
Page 719 and 720:
Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
Page 721 and 722:
Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
Page 723 and 724:
Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
Page 725 and 726:
Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
Page 727 and 728:
Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
Page 729 and 730:
Instrument Control: REJECT Control
Page 731 and 732:
Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
Page 733 and 734:
• A control that varies the level
Page 735 and 736:
• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
Page 737 and 738:
3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
Page 739:
3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
Page 742 and 743:
Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
Page 746 and 747:
Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749:
• Third, echoes are indicated by
Page 750 and 751:
3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
Page 752 and 753:
System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
Page 758 and 759:
Q129: An A-scan display, which show
Page 760 and 761:
Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
Page 762 and 763:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 764 and 765:
3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
Page 766 and 767:
In this picture there is two differ
Page 768 and 769:
This picture shows how water waves
Page 770 and 771:
3.18.4 Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction
Page 778 and 779:
This diagram shows an interference.
Page 780 and 781:
Interference
Page 782 and 783:
3.19 Questions & Answers
Page 784 and 785:
Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
Page 786 and 787:
Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
Page 794 and 795:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
Page 800 and 801:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 812 and 813:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 814 and 815:
The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
Page 820 and 821:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
Page 836 and 837:
Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
Page 844 and 845:
Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
Page 850 and 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860:
Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862:
3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864:
5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 867:
Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879:
4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
Page 880 and 881:
1 st Echo from circular Section
Page 882 and 883:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 886 and 887:
100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889:
Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891:
4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893:
4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 912:
5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
Page 922 and 923:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
Page 950 and 951:
Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
Page 954 and 955:
d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
Page 956 and 957:
A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Page 969 and 970:
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 975 and 976:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
Page 979 and 980:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
Page 983 and 984:
Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
Page 987 and 988:
High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
Page 993 and 994:
5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 997 and 998:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1003 and 1004:
Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
Page 1005 and 1006:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
Page 1009 and 1010:
5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
Page 1011 and 1012:
The most common ultrasonic scanning
Page 1013 and 1014:
It is often desirable to eliminate
Page 1015 and 1016:
5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
Page 1017 and 1018:
Precision Velocity Measurements (us
Page 1019 and 1020:
The most important application of E
Page 1021 and 1022:
Time Measurement Technique Fourier
Page 1023 and 1024:
Relative measurements such as the c
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation: A o U t A
Page 1027 and 1028:
5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
Page 1029 and 1030:
Two significant applications of Spr
Page 1031 and 1032:
2. Piece-part assembly line environ
Page 1033 and 1034:
EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
Page 1035 and 1036:
Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1039 and 1040:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1041 and 1042:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1043 and 1044:
5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
Page 1047 and 1048:
Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
Page 1049 and 1050:
Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
Page 1053 and 1054:
Influence of reflector size on sign
Page 1055 and 1056:
Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
Page 1057 and 1058:
5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
Page 1059 and 1060:
Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1061 and 1062:
Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
Page 1063 and 1064:
Video on Through Transmission Metho
Page 1065 and 1066:
Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
Page 1075 and 1076:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1077 and 1078:
Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
Page 1079 and 1080:
Wands / Support Tubes The support t
Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
Page 1085 and 1086:
Unfocused transducer By definition,
Page 1087 and 1088:
Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q1: Which of the following scanning
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1093 and 1094:
38. The component in a conventional
Page 1095 and 1096:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1097 and 1098:
PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1099 and 1100:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1101 and 1102:
Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
Page 1103 and 1104:
Transducer Interference- Transducer
Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
Page 1107 and 1108:
Mode Conversion Interference The mo
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indications Transducer
Page 1111 and 1112:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1113 and 1114:
5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
Page 1115 and 1116:
In addition to reduced coupling, wh
Page 1117 and 1118:
Unless done properly, removal of su
Page 1119 and 1120:
5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
Page 1121 and 1122:
Thickness Measurement with Surface
Page 1123 and 1124:
Attenuation of couplants varies wit
Page 1125 and 1126:
Table 8.2 For example the plastics
Page 1127 and 1128:
5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence the Neper and dB are related
Page 1131 and 1132:
Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
Page 1133 and 1134:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q1: A tubular product is tested by
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q3: Minimum number of hits required
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
Page 1145 and 1146:
The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q1 What is the correct water path b
Page 1149:
Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
Page 1153:
Section 6: Selected Applications &
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
Page 1159 and 1160:
6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
Page 1161 and 1162:
Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1167 and 1168:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
Page 1169 and 1170:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Page 1179 and 1180:
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1191 and 1192:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1193 and 1194:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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Page 1214 and 1215:
6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1228 and 1229:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
Page 1230 and 1231:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1232 and 1233:
6.2: Rail Inspection
Page 1234 and 1235:
The need for a better inspection me
Page 1236 and 1237:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1238 and 1239:
One of the methods used to inspect
Page 1240 and 1241:
Techniques: Examples of axles with
Page 1242 and 1243:
6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
Page 1244 and 1245:
UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
Page 1248 and 1249:
T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
Page 1250 and 1251:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1252:
To determine the proper scanning ar
Page 1255 and 1256:
Expert at works
Page 1257 and 1258:
Typically scanning patterns
Page 1259 and 1260:
Weld Scanning
Page 1261 and 1262:
Weld Scanning
Page 1263 and 1264:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
Page 1265 and 1266:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1267 and 1268:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1269 and 1270:
Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
Page 1271 and 1272:
6.4: Pipe & Tube
Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1281 and 1282:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
Page 1283 and 1284:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1285 and 1286:
Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
Page 1287 and 1288:
Q35: During immersion testing of pi
Page 1289 and 1290:
6.5: Echo Dynamic
Page 1291 and 1292:
6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
Page 1299 and 1300:
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1305 and 1306:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1307 and 1308:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echodynamic- Change of echo height
Page 1311 and 1312:
Break Time
Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
Page 1319 and 1320:
Page 1321 and 1322:
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1337 and 1338:
Echo Dynamic The echo response from
Page 1339 and 1340:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341 and 1342:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1343 and 1344:
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
Page 1345 and 1346:
Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348:
Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354:
Expert at works
Page 1355 and 1356:
Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358:
Physical Dimension
Page 1359 and 1360:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1361 and 1362:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364:
Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366:
Mock-Up
Page 1367 and 1368:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1369 and 1370:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1371 and 1372:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1375 and 1376:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1377 and 1378:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1379 and 1380:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1381 and 1382:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1383 and 1384:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1385 and 1386:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1389 and 1390:
Experts at work
Page 1391 and 1392:
This application note contains quic
Page 1393 and 1394:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1395 and 1396:
Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1401 and 1402:
(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
Page 1403 and 1404:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1405 and 1406:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1407 and 1408:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1409 and 1410:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1411 and 1412:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1413 and 1414:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1415 and 1416:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1417 and 1418:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1419 and 1420:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1423 and 1424:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
Page 1425 and 1426:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1427 and 1428:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1429 and 1430:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1431 and 1432:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1433 and 1434:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1435 and 1436:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1437 and 1438:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1439 and 1440:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1441 and 1442:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1443 and 1444:
Casting
Page 1445 and 1446:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1447 and 1448:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1449 and 1450:
Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
Page 1451 and 1452:
The BondMaster 1000e+.
Page 1453 and 1454:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
Page 1455 and 1456:
Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
Page 1457 and 1458:
Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
Page 1459 and 1460:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
Page 1463 and 1464:
Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
Page 1465 and 1466:
Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
Page 1467 and 1468:
The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
Page 1469 and 1470:
6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 1471 and 1472:
The real limitation of this techniq
Page 1473 and 1474:
6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
Page 1475 and 1476:
TOFD provides a wide area of covera
Page 1477 and 1478:
TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
Page 1479 and 1480:
Due to the low amplitude of the dif
Page 1481 and 1482:
Tips Diffractions
Page 1483 and 1484:
TOFD
Page 1485 and 1486:
TOFD has been used for some time fo
Page 1487 and 1488:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1489 and 1490:
For these types of weld inspections
Page 1491 and 1492:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1493 and 1494:
Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 1495 and 1496:
6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
Page 1497 and 1498:
TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1499 and 1500:
■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
Page 1501 and 1502:
Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
Page 1503 and 1504:
■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1505 and 1506:
The Experts at work.
Page 1507 and 1508:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1509 and 1510:
Break Time
Page 1511 and 1512:
Section 7: Reference Materials
Page 1513 and 1514:
7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
Page 1515 and 1516:
7.3: Video Time
Page 1520 and 1521:
Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
Page 1522 and 1523:
8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1524 and 1525:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
Page 1526 and 1527:
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
Page 1535 and 1536:
Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1537 and 1538:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
Page 1545 and 1546:
Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1563 and 1564:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
Page 1567 and 1568:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1569 and 1570:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1571 and 1572:
The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
Page 1575 and 1576:
DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
Page 1577 and 1578:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1579 and 1580:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
Page 1581 and 1582:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1583 and 1584:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1585 and 1586:
Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
Page 1589 and 1590:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
Page 1591 and 1592:
(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1595 and 1596:
More reading on DGS
Page 1597 and 1598:
DGS # of near field
Page 1599 and 1600:
DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
Page 1601 and 1602:
Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1605 and 1606:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1609 and 1610:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1611 and 1612:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1613 and 1614:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1615 and 1616:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1623 and 1624:
Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626:
Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628:
The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
Page 1641 and 1642:
PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
Page 1665 and 1666:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
Page 1667 and 1668:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
Page 1669 and 1670:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
Page 1671 and 1672:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
Page 1673 and 1674:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
Page 1675 and 1676:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
Page 1681 and 1682:
Matrix Columns, y coordinates
Page 1683 and 1684:
10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
Page 1687 and 1688:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1689 and 1690:
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1691 and 1692:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1693 and 1694:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
Page 1695 and 1696:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
Page 1697 and 1698:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
Page 1699 and 1700:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
Page 1701 and 1702:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
Page 1703 and 1704:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
Page 1705 and 1706:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708:
68. When the incident angle is chos
Page 1709 and 1710:
Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717:
Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
Page 1718:
1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
Page 1731 and 1732:
Attenuation can be determined by ev
Page 1733 and 1734:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 1735 and 1736:
7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 1741 and 1742:
Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
Page 1747 and 1748:
Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
Page 1751 and 1752:
The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
Page 1757 and 1758:
Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
Page 1759 and 1760:
Apparent Near Zone distance
Page 1761 and 1762:
The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 1765 and 1766:
14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1770 and 1771:
- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
Page 1776 and 1777:
More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
Page 1779 and 1780:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1781 and 1782:
Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
Page 1791 and 1792:
Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
Page 1797 and 1798:
45. When examining thin materials f
Page 1799 and 1800:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1801 and 1802:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1803:
Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
Page 1842 and 1843:
Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
Page 1844 and 1845:
Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
Page 1849 and 1850:
13. An oscilloscope display in whic
Page 1851 and 1852:
17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
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mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
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Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Questions & Answers
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
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Production Platform http://www.stud
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Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
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1. The wave mode that has multiple
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5. When angle beam contact testing
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9. The random distribution of cryst
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13. In immersion testing, the near
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17. As frequency increases in ultra
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Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
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23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
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27. Using the immersion method, a d
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31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
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35. Which circuit triggers the puls
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39. In immersion testing in a small
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42. In an automatic scanning immers
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43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
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47. Compensation for the variation
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51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
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55. As transducer diameter decrease
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59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
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63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
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66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
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70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
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74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
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78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
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81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971:
WPS/PQR
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87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
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91. Which of the following modes of
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95. A testing technique in which th
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99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
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101. The formula on the right is us
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105. The product of the sound veloc
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109. What kind of waves travel at a
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112. Properties of shear or transve
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117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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129. Compression waves whose partic
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133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999:
137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001:
141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
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145. A discontinuity that occurs du
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149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
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167. The primary requirement of a p
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171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
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175. Waves that travel around gradu
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177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
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180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
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185. In cases where the diameter of
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189. To prevent the appearance of h
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193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
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197. The technique of examining an
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201. In immersion shear wave testin
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Chicken Satay Fest
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Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
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3. The only significant sound wave
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Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
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Production Platform
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Some body make this up, He had neve
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Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
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Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
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Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
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Q1. Which of the following is a ref
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Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
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Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
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Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
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Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
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Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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