Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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For a piston source transducer of radius (a), frequency (f), and velocity (V) in a liquid or solid medium, the applet below allows the calculation of the near/far field transition point. In the Java applet below, the radius (a) and the near field/far field distance can be in metric or English units (e.g. mm or inch), the frequency (f) is in MHz and the sound velocity (V) is in metric or English length units per second (e.g. mm/sec or inch/sec). Just make sure the length units used are consistent in the calculation.
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/<strong>Ultrasonic</strong>s/EquipmentTrans/applet_3_3/applet_3_3.htm
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
Page 6 and 7:
Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
Page 8 and 9:
Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
Page 10 and 11:
4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
Page 12 and 13:
UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
Page 14 and 15:
3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
Page 16 and 17:
ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
Page 18:
Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
Page 21 and 22:
Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
Page 23 and 24:
Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 25 and 26:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 27 and 28:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 29 and 30:
Section 1: Introduction
Page 31 and 32:
1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
Page 33 and 34:
In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
Page 35 and 36:
Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
Page 37 and 38:
Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
Page 39 and 40:
Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
Page 41 and 42:
• Operation is electronic, which
Page 43 and 44:
1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
Page 46 and 47:
Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
Page 48 and 49:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 50:
Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
Page 53 and 54:
Acoustic Spectrum
Page 55 and 56:
Acoustic Spectrum
Page 57 and 58:
Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
Page 59 and 60:
Q151 A point, line or surface of a
Page 61 and 62:
2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
Page 63 and 64:
Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
Page 65 and 66:
Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 67 and 68:
In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
Page 69:
Longitudinal Wave
Page 72 and 73:
Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
Page 74:
In the transverse or shear wave, th
Page 77 and 78:
2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
Page 81 and 82:
Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
Page 83 and 84:
The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 85 and 86:
Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
Page 93 and 94:
At this depth, wave energy is about
Page 95 and 96:
Q: Which of the following modes of
Page 97 and 98:
Since the 1990s, the understanding
Page 99 and 100:
Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
Page 101 and 102:
Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
Page 103 and 104:
When guided in layers they are refe
Page 105 and 106:
Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 107 and 108:
Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
Page 111 and 112:
2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
Page 113 and 114:
Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
Page 115 and 116:
2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
Page 117 and 118:
Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 119 and 120:
Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 125 and 126:
Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
Page 129 and 130:
Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
Page 131 and 132:
When calculating the velocity of a
Page 133 and 134:
It must also be mentioned that the
Page 135 and 136:
Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
Page 137 and 138:
2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
Page 143 and 144:
Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
Page 153 and 154:
Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
Page 155 and 156:
Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
Page 157 and 158:
Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
Page 159 and 160:
2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
Page 162 and 163:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 164 and 165:
“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 166 and 167:
2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
Page 168 and 169:
Absorption: Sound attenuations are
Page 170 and 171:
Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
Page 172 and 173:
The amplitude change of a decaying
Page 174 and 175:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 176 and 177:
Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
Page 178:
2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
Page 181 and 182:
2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
Page 183 and 184:
Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
Page 185 and 186:
2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
Page 187 and 188:
Sound travels through materials und
Page 189 and 190:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 191 and 192:
Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
Page 193 and 194:
When the acoustic impedances of the
Page 195 and 196:
Reflection Coefficient:
Page 197 and 198:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 199 and 200:
Incident Wave other than Normal? -
Page 201 and 202:
Q: The figure above shown the parti
Page 203 and 204:
For example: The dB loss on transmi
Page 205 and 206:
Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
Page 207 and 208:
Refraction and Snell's Law When an
Page 210 and 211:
Refraction takes place at an interf
Page 212:
Snell's Law describes the relations
Page 216 and 217:
Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
Page 218 and 219:
When a longitudinal wave moves from
Page 220 and 221:
Refraction and mode conversion occu
Page 222 and 223:
For example, calculate the first cr
Page 224 and 225:
Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
Page 226 and 227:
Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
Page 234 and 235:
Typical angle beam assemblies make
Page 236 and 237:
Depth & Skip
Page 238 and 239:
Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
Page 244 and 245:
Snell's Law
Page 246 and 247:
Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
Page 252 and 253:
Transverse wave can be introduced i
Page 254 and 255:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 256 and 257:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 258 and 259:
Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 260 and 261:
Q1. From the above figures, if the
Page 262 and 263:
Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
Page 264 and 265:
Q1. If you were requested to design
Page 266 and 267:
2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
Page 268 and 269:
The following formula relates some
Page 270 and 271:
Rather than go into the details of
Page 273 and 274:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 275 and 276:
“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 277 and 278:
Pulse Length
Page 279 and 280:
2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
Page 281 and 282:
When waves interact, they superimpo
Page 283 and 284:
UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
Page 289 and 290:
With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
Page 293 and 294:
2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
Page 295 and 296:
The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
Page 299 and 300:
Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
Page 301 and 302:
Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
Page 323 and 324:
2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
Page 325 and 326:
Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
Page 329 and 330:
2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
Page 331 and 332:
Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
Page 333 and 334:
Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
Page 335 and 336:
From the natural frequencies it is
Page 337 and 338:
Q: The formula used to determine th
Page 339 and 340:
2.15 Measurement of Sound
Page 341 and 342:
Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
Page 343 and 344:
where: delta X is the difference in
Page 345 and 346:
From this table it can be seen that
Page 347 and 348:
However, the power or intensity of
Page 349 and 350:
Revising the table to reflect the r
Page 351 and 352:
Sound Levels- Relative dB
Page 353 and 354:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
Page 356 and 357:
dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
Page 358 and 359:
Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
Page 360 and 361:
Practice: dB
Page 362 and 363:
Example Calculation 2 If the intens
Page 364 and 365:
What is the absolute rock concert s
Page 366 and 367:
Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 379 and 380:
Typical sound velocities
Page 381 and 382:
Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
Page 385 and 386:
Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
Page 387 and 388:
Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
Page 401 and 402:
At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
Page 417 and 418:
■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
Page 419 and 420:
BaTiO 3
Page 421 and 422:
Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
Page 423 and 424:
■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
Page 425 and 426:
350°C is also goof for:
Page 427 and 428:
350°C is also goof for:
Page 429 and 430:
Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
Page 431:
http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
Page 434 and 435:
Ceramic Transducer
Page 436 and 437:
Q68: Which of the following transdu
Page 438 and 439:
Q73: Which of the following is the
Page 440 and 441:
Transducer
Page 442 and 443:
3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
Page 444 and 445:
Transducer
Page 446 and 447:
Transducer: Angle Beam
Page 448 and 449:
3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
Page 450 and 451: Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
Page 452 and 453: Note on Backing: The backing materi
Page 454 and 455: Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
Page 456 and 457: Transducers
Page 458 and 459: 3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
Page 460 and 461: 2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
Page 463 and 464: 3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
Page 465 and 466: Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
Page 467 and 468: Transducer Damping
Page 469 and 470: Transducer Damping at -20dB
Page 471 and 472: Transducer Damping
Page 473 and 474: Wave form Duration at -10dB
Page 475 and 476: Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
Page 477 and 478: 3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
Page 479 and 480: The central frequency will also def
Page 481 and 482: Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 483 and 484: Transducers are constructed to with
Page 485 and 486: Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
Page 487 and 488: Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
Page 489 and 490: Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
Page 491: Since the ultrasound originates fro
Page 494 and 495: Near Field
Page 496 and 497: Angular characteristics: Lines of e
Page 498 and 499: Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
Page 502 and 503: Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
Page 504 and 505: Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
Page 506 and 507: Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
Page 508 and 509: 3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
Page 510 and 511: As shown in the applet below, beam
Page 513 and 514: Beam angle is an important consider
Page 515 and 516: 3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
Page 517 and 518: Contact Transducers
Page 519 and 520: Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
Page 521 and 522: 3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
Page 523 and 524: Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
Page 525 and 526: Focal Length Equation: The focal le
Page 527 and 528: Focal Length Variations
Page 529 and 530: Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532: Q79: What type of search unit allow
Page 533 and 534: Q78: Which of the following is not
Page 535 and 536: For a single crystal probe the leng
Page 537 and 538: There are other advantages 1. Doubl
Page 539 and 540: Advantages: Improves near surface r
Page 541 and 542: Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
Page 543 and 544: 3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
Page 545 and 546: Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
Page 547: Delay lined Transducer
Page 550 and 551:
Probe Delay with TR-Probe
Page 552 and 553:
Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555:
Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
Page 556 and 557:
Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 568 and 569:
Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
Page 570 and 571:
Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
Page 572 and 573:
Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
Page 574 and 575:
Application of Normal incidence she
Page 576 and 577:
Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 578 and 579:
Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
Page 580 and 581:
Q: A special scanning device with t
Page 582 and 583:
3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
Page 584 and 585:
TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
Page 586 and 587:
Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
Page 588 and 589:
UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
Page 590 and 591:
Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
Page 594 and 595:
As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
Page 596 and 597:
Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
Page 598 and 599:
Sound Field Measurements--The objec
Page 600 and 601:
There is ongoing research to develo
Page 602 and 603:
3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
Page 604 and 605:
Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
Page 606 and 607:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 608 and 609:
Couplant
Page 610 and 611:
Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
Page 612 and 613:
EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
Page 616 and 617:
3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
Page 618 and 619:
Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
Page 622 and 623:
Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
Page 624 and 625:
EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
Page 626 and 627:
Cross-sectional view of a periodic
Page 628 and 629:
3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
Page 630 and 631:
Transducer Cut-out
Page 632 and 633:
Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
Page 634:
Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length
Page 641 and 642:
Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
Page 645 and 646:
Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
Page 647 and 648:
Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
Page 649 and 650:
Damping: Shock wave transducer and
Page 651 and 652:
The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
Page 655 and 656:
Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
Page 657 and 658:
In fact, the actual beam profile is
Page 659 and 660:
Attenuation - As it travels through
Page 661 and 662:
3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
Page 663 and 664:
Tone burst generators http://www.se
Page 665 and 666:
Section of biphase modulated spread
Page 667 and 668:
3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
Page 669 and 670:
Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
Page 671 and 672:
Capacitance in a cable is usually m
Page 673 and 674:
Quality Factor “Q”
Page 675 and 676:
3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
Page 677 and 678:
Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
Page 681 and 682:
A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
Page 683 and 684:
3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
Page 685 and 686:
B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
Page 687 and 688:
It should be noted that a limitatio
Page 689 and 690:
Q: In a B-scan display, the length
Page 691 and 692:
C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
Page 694 and 695:
C-Scan / A-Scan
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan
Page 698 and 699:
C-Scan Recording
Page 700 and 701:
The D scan- The D scan gives a side
Page 702 and 703:
3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
Page 704 and 705:
Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
Page 706 and 707:
3.15.6 Other Presentations
Page 708 and 709:
3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
Page 711 and 712:
The Through Transmission Shadow Met
Page 713 and 714:
The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
Page 715 and 716:
During the set-up of immersion meth
Page 717 and 718:
3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
Page 719 and 720:
Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
Page 721 and 722:
Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
Page 723 and 724:
Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
Page 725 and 726:
Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
Page 727 and 728:
Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
Page 729 and 730:
Instrument Control: REJECT Control
Page 731 and 732:
Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
Page 733 and 734:
• A control that varies the level
Page 735 and 736:
• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
Page 737 and 738:
3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
Page 739:
3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
Page 742 and 743:
Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
Page 746 and 747:
Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749:
• Third, echoes are indicated by
Page 750 and 751:
3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
Page 752 and 753:
System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
Page 758 and 759:
Q129: An A-scan display, which show
Page 760 and 761:
Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
Page 762 and 763:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 764 and 765:
3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
Page 766 and 767:
In this picture there is two differ
Page 768 and 769:
This picture shows how water waves
Page 770 and 771:
3.18.4 Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction
Page 778 and 779:
This diagram shows an interference.
Page 780 and 781:
Interference
Page 782 and 783:
3.19 Questions & Answers
Page 784 and 785:
Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
Page 786 and 787:
Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
Page 794 and 795:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
Page 800 and 801:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 812 and 813:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 814 and 815:
The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
Page 820 and 821:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
Page 836 and 837:
Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
Page 844 and 845:
Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
Page 850 and 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860:
Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862:
3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864:
5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 867:
Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879:
4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
Page 880 and 881:
1 st Echo from circular Section
Page 882 and 883:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 886 and 887:
100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889:
Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891:
4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893:
4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 912:
5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
Page 922 and 923:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
Page 950 and 951:
Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
Page 954 and 955:
d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
Page 956 and 957:
A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
Page 960 and 961:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 963 and 964:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
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To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
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Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
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Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
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Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
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Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
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Expert at works
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Physical Dimension
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Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
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Mock-Up
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Mock-Up
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
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A test program had been first carri
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6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
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Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
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The test sample may be of any geome
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Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
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Note on units: If sound velocity is
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Experts at work
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This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
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3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
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3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
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Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
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Casting In castings flaw detection
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Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
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During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
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The BondMaster 1000e+.
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
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Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
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Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
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The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
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The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
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TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
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TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
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6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
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Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
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http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
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Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
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Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
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Construction of Beam Edges:
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The other edge:
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Construction of beam spread at 25mm
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Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
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Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
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Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
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The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
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DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Comparison of
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Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
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DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
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Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
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Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
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Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
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The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
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PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
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Matrix Columns, y coordinates
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10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
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X X X X X X X X X X X X
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50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
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65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
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68. When the incident angle is chos
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Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
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Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
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1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
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Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
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What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
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Attenuation can be determined by ev
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
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Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
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Q2: What is the percentage of sound
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Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
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Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
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The following formula relates some
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10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
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Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
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Apparent Near Zone distance
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The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
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14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
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- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
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Example: If you has a signal at a c
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More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
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Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
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RC- Resolution Calibration Block
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17. Surface waves are used to detec
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45. When examining thin materials f
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Questions & Answers
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Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
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Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
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Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
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Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
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Always Check the units correctly!!!
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Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
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Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
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Q4-18 Answer:
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Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
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Q5-22 Answer: Class C
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5. At a solid to free boundary, an
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13. An oscilloscope display in whic
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17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
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Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
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mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
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Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Questions & Answers
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
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Production Platform http://www.stud
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Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
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1. The wave mode that has multiple
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5. When angle beam contact testing
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9. The random distribution of cryst
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13. In immersion testing, the near
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17. As frequency increases in ultra
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Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
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23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
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27. Using the immersion method, a d
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31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
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35. Which circuit triggers the puls
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39. In immersion testing in a small
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42. In an automatic scanning immers
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43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
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47. Compensation for the variation
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51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
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55. As transducer diameter decrease
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59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
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63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
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66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
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70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
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74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
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78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
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81. The process of adjusting an ins
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WPS/PQR
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87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
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91. Which of the following modes of
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95. A testing technique in which th
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99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
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101. The formula on the right is us
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105. The product of the sound veloc
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109. What kind of waves travel at a
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112. Properties of shear or transve
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117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997:
133. The refraction angle of longit
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137. The velocity of sound is the l
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141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
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145. A discontinuity that occurs du
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149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
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159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
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171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
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180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
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185. In cases where the diameter of
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189. To prevent the appearance of h
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193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
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197. The technique of examining an
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201. In immersion shear wave testin
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Chicken Satay Fest
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Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
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3. The only significant sound wave
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Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
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Production Platform
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Some body make this up, He had neve
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Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
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Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
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Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
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Q1. Which of the following is a ref
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Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
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Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
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Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
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Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
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Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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