Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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59. Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid materials, at the test frequencies normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms which can include: A. Beam spread B. Couplant mismatch C. Test piece geometry D. All of the above 60. The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic responses from: A. A set of distance amplitude reference blocks B. Steel balls located at several different water path distances C. A set of area amplitude reference blocks D. All of the above
61. Large gains in a metallic test specimen usually result in: A. A decrease or loss of back surface reflection B. Large “hash” or noise indications C. A decrease in penetration D. All of the above 62. The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called: A. Attenuation B. Scatter C. Beam spread D. Interface
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
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Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
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Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
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In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
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3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
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• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
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Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
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Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Calibrations
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This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
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EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
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The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
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Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
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IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
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IIW type blocks are used to calibra
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A block that closely resembles the
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DSC AWS Block
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
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The RC Block is used to determine t
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Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
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The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
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Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
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Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
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A distance amplitude correction cur
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DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
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Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
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Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
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3.) Position the transducer over th
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5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
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DAC Curve
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Gain Control for FSH: It should be
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Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
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Exit Point A2 Block
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Q16: Notches are frequently used as
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Probe Angles- A2 Block
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4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
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25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
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Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
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4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
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4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
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4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
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4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
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Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
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convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
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A table of correction values and th
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Curvature Correction
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An important source of practice cod
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Spherical reflectors are often used
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4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
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Q6: The Notches are frequently used
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Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
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Section 5: Measurement Techniques
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Expert at works
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d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
Page 956 and 957:
A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
Page 960 and 961:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 963 and 964:
A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 965 and 966:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
Page 973 and 974:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 975 and 976:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 977 and 978:
Why angle beam assemblies are used
Page 979 and 980:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
Page 981 and 982:
Sound energy that is transmitted fr
Page 983 and 984:
Selecting the right angle beam asse
Page 985 and 986:
The IIW recommends the use of a con
Page 987 and 988:
High temperature wedges Standard an
Page 989 and 990:
5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
Page 991 and 992:
Crack height (a) is a function of t
Page 993 and 994:
5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 997 and 998:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Method
Page 1001 and 1002:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1003 and 1004:
Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
Page 1005 and 1006:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
Page 1009 and 1010:
5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
Page 1011 and 1012:
The most common ultrasonic scanning
Page 1013 and 1014:
It is often desirable to eliminate
Page 1015 and 1016:
5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
Page 1017 and 1018:
Precision Velocity Measurements (us
Page 1019 and 1020:
The most important application of E
Page 1021 and 1022:
Time Measurement Technique Fourier
Page 1023 and 1024:
Relative measurements such as the c
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation: A o U t A
Page 1027 and 1028:
5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
Page 1029 and 1030:
Two significant applications of Spr
Page 1031 and 1032:
2. Piece-part assembly line environ
Page 1033 and 1034:
EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
Page 1035 and 1036:
Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1039 and 1040:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1041 and 1042:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1043 and 1044:
5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
Page 1047 and 1048:
Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
Page 1049 and 1050:
Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
Page 1053 and 1054:
Influence of reflector size on sign
Page 1055 and 1056:
Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
Page 1057 and 1058:
5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
Page 1059 and 1060:
Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1061 and 1062:
Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
Page 1063 and 1064:
Video on Through Transmission Metho
Page 1065 and 1066:
Immersion Methods For immersion tes
Page 1067 and 1068:
Immersion Methods- The water path s
Page 1069 and 1070:
Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
Page 1073 and 1074:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
Page 1075 and 1076:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1077 and 1078:
Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
Page 1079 and 1080:
Wands / Support Tubes The support t
Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1083 and 1084:
Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
Page 1085 and 1086:
Unfocused transducer By definition,
Page 1087 and 1088:
Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q1: Which of the following scanning
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1093 and 1094:
38. The component in a conventional
Page 1095 and 1096:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1097 and 1098:
PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1099 and 1100:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1101 and 1102:
Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
Page 1103 and 1104:
Transducer Interference- Transducer
Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
Page 1107 and 1108:
Mode Conversion Interference The mo
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indications Transducer
Page 1111 and 1112:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1113 and 1114:
5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
Page 1115 and 1116:
In addition to reduced coupling, wh
Page 1117 and 1118:
Unless done properly, removal of su
Page 1119 and 1120:
5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
Page 1121 and 1122:
Thickness Measurement with Surface
Page 1123 and 1124:
Attenuation of couplants varies wit
Page 1125 and 1126:
Table 8.2 For example the plastics
Page 1127 and 1128:
5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence the Neper and dB are related
Page 1131 and 1132:
Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
Page 1133 and 1134:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q1: A tubular product is tested by
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q3: Minimum number of hits required
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
Page 1145 and 1146:
The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q1 What is the correct water path b
Page 1149:
Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
Page 1153:
Section 6: Selected Applications &
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
Page 1159 and 1160:
6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
Page 1161 and 1162:
Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
Page 1163 and 1164:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1167 and 1168:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
Page 1169 and 1170:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1177 and 1178:
Page 1179 and 1180:
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
Page 1189 and 1190:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1191 and 1192:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1193 and 1194:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1204 and 1205:
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Page 1214 and 1215:
6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1218 and 1219:
Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1228 and 1229:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
Page 1230 and 1231:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1232 and 1233:
6.2: Rail Inspection
Page 1234 and 1235:
The need for a better inspection me
Page 1236 and 1237:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1238 and 1239:
One of the methods used to inspect
Page 1240 and 1241:
Techniques: Examples of axles with
Page 1242 and 1243:
6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
Page 1244 and 1245:
UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
Page 1248 and 1249:
T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
Page 1250 and 1251:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1252:
To determine the proper scanning ar
Page 1255 and 1256:
Expert at works
Page 1257 and 1258:
Typically scanning patterns
Page 1259 and 1260:
Weld Scanning
Page 1261 and 1262:
Weld Scanning
Page 1263 and 1264:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
Page 1265 and 1266:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1267 and 1268:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1269 and 1270:
Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
Page 1271 and 1272:
6.4: Pipe & Tube
Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1281 and 1282:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
Page 1283 and 1284:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1285 and 1286:
Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
Page 1287 and 1288:
Q35: During immersion testing of pi
Page 1289 and 1290:
6.5: Echo Dynamic
Page 1291 and 1292:
6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
Page 1299 and 1300:
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1305 and 1306:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1307 and 1308:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echodynamic- Change of echo height
Page 1311 and 1312:
Break Time
Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
Page 1319 and 1320:
Page 1321 and 1322:
Page 1323 and 1324:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1325 and 1326:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1337 and 1338:
Echo Dynamic The echo response from
Page 1339 and 1340:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341 and 1342:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1343 and 1344:
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
Page 1345 and 1346:
Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348:
Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354:
Expert at works
Page 1355 and 1356:
Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358:
Physical Dimension
Page 1359 and 1360:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1361 and 1362:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364:
Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366:
Mock-Up
Page 1367 and 1368:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1369 and 1370:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1371 and 1372:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1375 and 1376:
A test program had been first carri
Page 1377 and 1378:
6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1379 and 1380:
Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1381 and 1382:
Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1383 and 1384:
The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1385 and 1386:
Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1389 and 1390:
Experts at work
Page 1391 and 1392:
This application note contains quic
Page 1393 and 1394:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1395 and 1396:
Page 1397 and 1398:
Page 1399 and 1400:
High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1401 and 1402:
(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
Page 1403 and 1404:
In challenging applications requiri
Page 1405 and 1406:
Applications involving thin materia
Page 1407 and 1408:
Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1409 and 1410:
2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1411 and 1412:
Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1413 and 1414:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1415 and 1416:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1417 and 1418:
Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1419 and 1420:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1423 and 1424:
6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
Page 1425 and 1426:
Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
Page 1427 and 1428:
With oil at the correct level, suff
Page 1429 and 1430:
In another position measurement sys
Page 1431 and 1432:
Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
Page 1433 and 1434:
In-Service Inspection The methods d
Page 1435 and 1436:
In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1437 and 1438:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
Page 1439 and 1440:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1441 and 1442:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1443 and 1444:
Casting
Page 1445 and 1446:
6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1447 and 1448:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
Page 1449 and 1450:
Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
Page 1451 and 1452:
The BondMaster 1000e+.
Page 1453 and 1454:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
Page 1455 and 1456:
Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
Page 1457 and 1458:
Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
Page 1459 and 1460:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1461 and 1462:
6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
Page 1463 and 1464:
Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
Page 1465 and 1466:
Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
Page 1467 and 1468:
The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
Page 1469 and 1470:
6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 1471 and 1472:
The real limitation of this techniq
Page 1473 and 1474:
6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
Page 1475 and 1476:
TOFD provides a wide area of covera
Page 1477 and 1478:
TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
Page 1479 and 1480:
Due to the low amplitude of the dif
Page 1481 and 1482:
Tips Diffractions
Page 1483 and 1484:
TOFD
Page 1485 and 1486:
TOFD has been used for some time fo
Page 1487 and 1488:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1489 and 1490:
For these types of weld inspections
Page 1491 and 1492:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1493 and 1494:
Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 1495 and 1496:
6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
Page 1497 and 1498:
TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1499 and 1500:
■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
Page 1501 and 1502:
Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
Page 1503 and 1504:
■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
Page 1505 and 1506:
The Experts at work.
Page 1507 and 1508:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1509 and 1510:
Break Time
Page 1511 and 1512:
Section 7: Reference Materials
Page 1513 and 1514:
7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
Page 1515 and 1516:
7.3: Video Time
Page 1520 and 1521:
Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
Page 1522 and 1523:
8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1524 and 1525:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
Page 1526 and 1527:
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
Page 1535 and 1536:
Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1537 and 1538:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
Page 1545 and 1546:
Construction of Beam Edges:
Page 1547 and 1548:
The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1563 and 1564:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
Page 1567 and 1568:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1569 and 1570:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1571 and 1572:
The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
Page 1575 and 1576:
DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
Page 1577 and 1578:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1579 and 1580:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
Page 1581 and 1582:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1583 and 1584:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1585 and 1586:
Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
Page 1589 and 1590:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
Page 1591 and 1592:
(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1595 and 1596:
More reading on DGS
Page 1597 and 1598:
DGS # of near field
Page 1599 and 1600:
DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
Page 1601 and 1602:
Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1605 and 1606:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1607 and 1608:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1609 and 1610:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1611 and 1612:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1613 and 1614:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1615 and 1616:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1623 and 1624:
Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626:
Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628:
The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
Page 1629 and 1630:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1637 and 1638:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
Page 1639 and 1640:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
Page 1641 and 1642:
PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
Page 1643 and 1644:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
Page 1645 and 1646:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
Page 1647 and 1648:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
Page 1659 and 1660:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
Page 1661 and 1662:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
Page 1663 and 1664:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
Page 1665 and 1666:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
Page 1667 and 1668:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
Page 1669 and 1670:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
Page 1671 and 1672:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
Page 1673 and 1674:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
Page 1675 and 1676:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
Page 1677 and 1678:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1679 and 1680:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
Page 1681 and 1682:
Matrix Columns, y coordinates
Page 1683 and 1684:
10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
Page 1687 and 1688:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1689 and 1690:
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1691 and 1692:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
Page 1693 and 1694:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
Page 1695 and 1696:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
Page 1697 and 1698:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
Page 1699 and 1700:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
Page 1701 and 1702:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
Page 1703 and 1704:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
Page 1705 and 1706:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708:
68. When the incident angle is chos
Page 1709 and 1710:
Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717:
Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
Page 1718:
1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
Page 1731 and 1732:
Attenuation can be determined by ev
Page 1733 and 1734:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 1735 and 1736:
7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
Page 1741 and 1742:
Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
Page 1747 and 1748:
Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
Page 1751 and 1752:
The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
Page 1757 and 1758:
Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
Page 1759 and 1760:
Apparent Near Zone distance
Page 1761 and 1762:
The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 1765 and 1766:
14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1770 and 1771:
- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
Page 1776 and 1777:
More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
Page 1779 and 1780:
As implemented in contemporary digi
Page 1781 and 1782:
Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
Page 1791 and 1792:
Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
Page 1797 and 1798:
45. When examining thin materials f
Page 1799 and 1800:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1801 and 1802:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1803:
Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
Page 1842 and 1843:
Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
Page 1844 and 1845:
Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
Page 1849 and 1850:
13. An oscilloscope display in whic
Page 1851 and 1852:
17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1873 and 1874:
Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
Page 1875 and 1876:
mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
Page 1878 and 1879:
Page 1880 and 1881:
Page 1882 and 1883:
Page 1884 and 1885:
Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
Page 1886 and 1887:
Page 1888 and 1889:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1890 and 1891:
Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1892 and 1893:
Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1895 and 1896:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1897 and 1898:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1899 and 1900:
Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
Page 1901 and 1902:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1903 and 1904:
Questions & Answers
Page 1905 and 1906: Practices Make Perfect
Page 1907 and 1908: Questions More Reading & on Answers
Page 1909 and 1910: Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1911 and 1912: Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
Page 1914 and 1915: Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1916 and 1917: Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1918 and 1919: Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
Page 1920 and 1921: Production Platform http://www.stud
Page 1922 and 1923: Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
Page 1924 and 1925: 1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 1926 and 1927: 5. When angle beam contact testing
Page 1928 and 1929: 9. The random distribution of cryst
Page 1930 and 1931: 13. In immersion testing, the near
Page 1932 and 1933: 17. As frequency increases in ultra
Page 1934 and 1935: Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
Page 1936 and 1937: 23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
Page 1938 and 1939: 27. Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1940 and 1941: 31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
Page 1942 and 1943: 35. Which circuit triggers the puls
Page 1944 and 1945: 39. In immersion testing in a small
Page 1946 and 1947: 42. In an automatic scanning immers
Page 1948 and 1949: 43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
Page 1950 and 1951: 47. Compensation for the variation
Page 1952 and 1953: 51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
Page 1954 and 1955: 55. As transducer diameter decrease
Page 1958 and 1959: 63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
Page 1960 and 1961: 66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1962 and 1963: 70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1964 and 1965: 74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
Page 1966 and 1967: 78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
Page 1968 and 1969: 81. The process of adjusting an ins
Page 1970 and 1971: WPS/PQR
Page 1972 and 1973: 87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
Page 1974 and 1975: 91. Which of the following modes of
Page 1976 and 1977: 95. A testing technique in which th
Page 1978 and 1979: 99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
Page 1980 and 1981: 101. The formula on the right is us
Page 1982 and 1983: 105. The product of the sound veloc
Page 1984 and 1985: 109. What kind of waves travel at a
Page 1986 and 1987: 112. Properties of shear or transve
Page 1988 and 1989: 117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
Page 1990 and 1991: 121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 1992 and 1993: 125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1994 and 1995: 129. Compression waves whose partic
Page 1996 and 1997: 133. The refraction angle of longit
Page 1998 and 1999: 137. The velocity of sound is the l
Page 2000 and 2001: 141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
Page 2002 and 2003: 145. A discontinuity that occurs du
Page 2004 and 2005: 149. A point, line, or surface of a
Page 2006 and 2007:
152. The equation describing wavele
Page 2008 and 2009:
155. Of the piezoelectric materials
Page 2010 and 2011:
159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
Page 2012 and 2013:
163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
Page 2014 and 2015:
167. The primary requirement of a p
Page 2016 and 2017:
171. Reflection indications from a
Page 2018 and 2019:
Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
Page 2020 and 2021:
175. Waves that travel around gradu
Page 2022 and 2023:
177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
Page 2024 and 2025:
Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
Page 2026 and 2027:
180. When using tow separate transd
Page 2028 and 2029:
Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
Page 2030 and 2031:
185. In cases where the diameter of
Page 2032 and 2033:
189. To prevent the appearance of h
Page 2034 and 2035:
193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
Page 2036 and 2037:
197. The technique of examining an
Page 2038 and 2039:
201. In immersion shear wave testin
Page 2040 and 2041:
Chicken Satay Fest
Page 2042 and 2043:
Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
Page 2044 and 2045:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 2047 and 2048:
Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
Page 2049 and 2050:
Production Platform
Page 2051:
Some body make this up, He had neve
Page 2054 and 2055:
Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
Page 2056 and 2057:
Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
Page 2058 and 2059:
Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
Page 2060 and 2061:
Q1. Which of the following is a ref
Page 2062 and 2063:
Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
Page 2064 and 2065:
Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
Page 2066 and 2067:
Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
Page 2068 and 2069:
Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
Page 2070 and 2071:
Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
Page 2072 and 2073:
Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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