Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applications <strong>Ultrasonic</strong> inspection methods can be used <strong>for</strong> measurement of metal thickness. These same methods can also be used to monitor the deterioration of a surface and subsequent thinning of a part due to wear or corrosion and to determine the position of a solid object or liquid material in a closed metallic cavity.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
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Elastic Model / Shear Wave
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Since the mass m and the spring con
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Elastic constant → spring constan
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Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
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When calculating the velocity of a
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It must also be mentioned that the
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Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
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2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
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http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
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Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
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The velocities sound waves The velo
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2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
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Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
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Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
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Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
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Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
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2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
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Absorption: Sound attenuations are
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Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
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The amplitude change of a decaying
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Attenuation is generally proportion
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Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
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2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
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2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
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Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
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2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
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Sound travels through materials und
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Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
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Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
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When the acoustic impedances of the
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Reflection Coefficient:
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Using the above applet, note that t
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Incident Wave other than Normal? -
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Q: The figure above shown the parti
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For example: The dB loss on transmi
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Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
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Refraction and Snell's Law When an
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Refraction takes place at an interf
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Snell's Law describes the relations
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Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
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When a longitudinal wave moves from
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Refraction and mode conversion occu
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For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
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From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
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Q73: Which of the following is the
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Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
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3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
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Near Field
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Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
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Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
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Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
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3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
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As shown in the applet below, beam
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Beam angle is an important consider
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3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
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Contact Transducers
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Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
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Focal Length Equation: The focal le
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Focal Length Variations
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Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
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Q79: What type of search unit allow
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Q78: Which of the following is not
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For a single crystal probe the leng
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There are other advantages 1. Doubl
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Advantages: Improves near surface r
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Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
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3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
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Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
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Delay lined Transducer
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Probe Delay with TR-Probe
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Probe Delay
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Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
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Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
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Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
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Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
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Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
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Application of Normal incidence she
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Normal incidence shear wave transdu
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Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
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Q: A special scanning device with t
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3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
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TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
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Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
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UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
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Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
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As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
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Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
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Sound Field Measurements--The objec
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There is ongoing research to develo
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3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
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Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
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Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
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Couplant
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Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
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EMAT
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Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
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3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
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Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
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Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
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Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
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EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
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Cross-sectional view of a periodic
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3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
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Transducer Cut-out
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Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
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Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
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Pulse Length
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Pulse Length
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Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
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Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
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Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
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Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
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Damping: Shock wave transducer and
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The pulser-receiver is also used in
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Transducers of the kind most common
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Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
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In fact, the actual beam profile is
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Attenuation - As it travels through
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3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
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Tone burst generators http://www.se
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Section of biphase modulated spread
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3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
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Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
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Capacitance in a cable is usually m
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Quality Factor “Q”
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3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
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Data Presentation:
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In the A-scan presentation, relativ
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A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
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3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
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It should be noted that a limitatio
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Q: In a B-scan display, the length
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C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
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C-Scan / A-Scan
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C-Scan
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C-Scan Recording
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The D scan- The D scan gives a side
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3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
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3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
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The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
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During the set-up of immersion meth
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3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
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Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
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Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
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Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
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Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
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Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
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Instrument Control: REJECT Control
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Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
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• A control that varies the level
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• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
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3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
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3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
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Typical block diagram of an analog
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3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
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Typical B-scan setup, including vid
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• Third, echoes are indicated by
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3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
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System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
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Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
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Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
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Q129: An A-scan display, which show
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Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
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123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
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In this picture there is two differ
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This picture shows how water waves
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3.18.4 Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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Diffraction
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This diagram shows an interference.
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Interference
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3.19 Questions & Answers
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Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
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Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
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Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
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Experts at Work-Salute!
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Calibrations
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This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
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The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
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EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
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The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
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The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
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The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
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The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
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Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
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IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
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IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
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IIW type blocks are used to calibra
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A block that closely resembles the
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DSC AWS Block
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AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
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The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
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The RC Block is used to determine t
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Miniature Resolution Block The mini
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Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
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The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
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Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
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Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
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Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
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Q: A primary purpose of a reference
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DAC Curve
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DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
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A distance amplitude correction cur
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DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
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Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
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Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
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3.) Position the transducer over th
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5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
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DAC Curve
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Gain Control for FSH: It should be
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Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
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Exit Point A2 Block
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Q16: Notches are frequently used as
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Probe Angles- A2 Block
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4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
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1 st Echo from circular Section
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Calibration of shear waves for rang
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25 mm radius from V2 Block
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100 mm radius from K2 Block
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Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
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4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
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4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
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20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
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Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
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TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
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4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
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Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
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4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
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5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
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4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
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Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
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Convex surfaces work to defocus the
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convex surfaces work to defocus the
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Q: In an immersion method, the inci
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A curvature correction curve can be
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The plot to the right shows an exam
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A table of correction values and th
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Curvature Correction
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An important source of practice cod
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Spherical reflectors are often used
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4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
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Q6: The Notches are frequently used
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Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
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Section 5: Measurement Techniques
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Expert at works
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d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
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A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 965 and 966:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 967 and 968:
Page 969 and 970:
Page 971 and 972:
Near Surface Detectability with Ang
Page 973 and 974:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 975 and 976:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 977 and 978:
Why angle beam assemblies are used
Page 979 and 980:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
Page 981 and 982:
Sound energy that is transmitted fr
Page 983 and 984:
Selecting the right angle beam asse
Page 985 and 986:
The IIW recommends the use of a con
Page 987 and 988:
High temperature wedges Standard an
Page 989 and 990:
5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
Page 991 and 992:
Crack height (a) is a function of t
Page 993 and 994:
5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
Page 995 and 996:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 997 and 998:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 999 and 1000:
20 dB Drop Method
Page 1001 and 1002:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1003 and 1004:
Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
Page 1005 and 1006:
Construction of a beam edge plot -2
Page 1007 and 1008:
5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
Page 1009 and 1010:
5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
Page 1011 and 1012:
The most common ultrasonic scanning
Page 1013 and 1014:
It is often desirable to eliminate
Page 1015 and 1016:
5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
Page 1017 and 1018:
Precision Velocity Measurements (us
Page 1019 and 1020:
The most important application of E
Page 1021 and 1022:
Time Measurement Technique Fourier
Page 1023 and 1024:
Relative measurements such as the c
Page 1025 and 1026:
Attenuation: A o U t A
Page 1027 and 1028:
5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
Page 1029 and 1030:
Two significant applications of Spr
Page 1031 and 1032:
2. Piece-part assembly line environ
Page 1033 and 1034:
EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
Page 1035 and 1036:
Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
Page 1037 and 1038:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1039 and 1040:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1041 and 1042:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1043 and 1044:
5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
Page 1045 and 1046:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1047 and 1048:
Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
Page 1049 and 1050:
Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
Page 1051 and 1052:
Influence of Shadow on axial defect
Page 1053 and 1054:
Influence of reflector size on sign
Page 1055 and 1056:
Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
Page 1057 and 1058:
5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
Page 1059 and 1060:
Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1061 and 1062:
Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
Page 1063 and 1064:
Video on Through Transmission Metho
Page 1065 and 1066:
Immersion Methods For immersion tes
Page 1067 and 1068:
Immersion Methods- The water path s
Page 1069 and 1070:
Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
Page 1071 and 1072:
Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
Page 1073 and 1074:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
Page 1075 and 1076:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1077 and 1078:
Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
Page 1079 and 1080:
Wands / Support Tubes The support t
Page 1081 and 1082:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1083 and 1084:
Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
Page 1085 and 1086:
Unfocused transducer By definition,
Page 1087 and 1088:
Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
Page 1089 and 1090:
Q1: Which of the following scanning
Page 1091 and 1092:
Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
Page 1093 and 1094:
38. The component in a conventional
Page 1095 and 1096:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1097 and 1098:
PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1099 and 1100:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1101 and 1102:
Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
Page 1103 and 1104:
Transducer Interference- Transducer
Page 1105 and 1106:
Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
Page 1107 and 1108:
Mode Conversion Interference The mo
Page 1109 and 1110:
Non Relevant Indications Transducer
Page 1111 and 1112:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1113 and 1114:
5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
Page 1115 and 1116:
In addition to reduced coupling, wh
Page 1117 and 1118:
Unless done properly, removal of su
Page 1119 and 1120:
5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
Page 1121 and 1122:
Thickness Measurement with Surface
Page 1123 and 1124:
Attenuation of couplants varies wit
Page 1125 and 1126:
Table 8.2 For example the plastics
Page 1127 and 1128:
5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
Page 1129 and 1130:
Hence the Neper and dB are related
Page 1131 and 1132:
Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
Page 1133 and 1134:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1135 and 1136:
Q1: A tubular product is tested by
Page 1137 and 1138:
Q3: Minimum number of hits required
Page 1139 and 1140:
Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1141 and 1142:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1143 and 1144:
Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
Page 1145 and 1146:
The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
Page 1147 and 1148:
Q1 What is the correct water path b
Page 1149:
Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
Page 1153:
Section 6: Selected Applications &
Page 1157 and 1158:
6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
Page 1159 and 1160:
6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
Page 1161 and 1162:
Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
Page 1163 and 1164:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1165 and 1166:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1167 and 1168:
Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
Page 1169 and 1170:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1171 and 1172:
Page 1173 and 1174:
Page 1175 and 1176:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
Page 1177 and 1178:
Page 1179 and 1180:
Page 1181 and 1182:
Page 1183 and 1184:
Page 1185 and 1186:
6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
Page 1187 and 1188:
Expert at works
Page 1189 and 1190:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1191 and 1192:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1193 and 1194:
Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
Page 1196 and 1197:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1198 and 1199:
Page 1200 and 1201:
Page 1202 and 1203:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1204 and 1205:
Page 1206 and 1207:
Page 1208 and 1209:
Page 1210 and 1211:
Page 1212 and 1213:
Page 1214 and 1215:
6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
Page 1216 and 1217:
Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1218 and 1219:
Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
Page 1220 and 1221:
Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
Page 1222 and 1223:
Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
Page 1224 and 1225:
Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
Page 1226 and 1227:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1228 and 1229:
Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
Page 1230 and 1231:
Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
Page 1232 and 1233:
6.2: Rail Inspection
Page 1234 and 1235:
The need for a better inspection me
Page 1236 and 1237:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1238 and 1239:
One of the methods used to inspect
Page 1240 and 1241:
Techniques: Examples of axles with
Page 1242 and 1243:
6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
Page 1244 and 1245:
UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
Page 1246 and 1247:
Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
Page 1248 and 1249:
T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
Page 1250 and 1251:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1252:
To determine the proper scanning ar
Page 1255 and 1256:
Expert at works
Page 1257 and 1258:
Typically scanning patterns
Page 1259 and 1260:
Weld Scanning
Page 1261 and 1262:
Weld Scanning
Page 1263 and 1264:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
Page 1265 and 1266:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1267 and 1268:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1269 and 1270:
Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
Page 1271 and 1272:
6.4: Pipe & Tube
Page 1273 and 1274:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1275 and 1276:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1277 and 1278:
Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
Page 1279 and 1280:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1281 and 1282:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
Page 1283 and 1284:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1285 and 1286:
Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
Page 1287 and 1288:
Q35: During immersion testing of pi
Page 1289 and 1290:
6.5: Echo Dynamic
Page 1291 and 1292:
6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
Page 1293 and 1294:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1295 and 1296:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1297 and 1298:
Page 1299 and 1300:
Page 1301 and 1302:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1303 and 1304:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1305 and 1306:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1307 and 1308:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1309 and 1310:
Echodynamic- Change of echo height
Page 1311 and 1312:
Break Time
Page 1313 and 1314:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1315 and 1316:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1317 and 1318:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
Page 1319 and 1320:
Page 1321 and 1322:
Page 1323 and 1324:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1325 and 1326:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1327 and 1328:
Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
Page 1329 and 1330:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1331 and 1332:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1333 and 1334:
Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
Page 1335 and 1336:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1337 and 1338:
Echo Dynamic The echo response from
Page 1339 and 1340:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341 and 1342:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1343 and 1344:
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
Page 1345 and 1346:
Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348:
Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354:
Expert at works
Page 1355 and 1356:
Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358:
Physical Dimension
Page 1359 and 1360:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1361 and 1362:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364:
Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366:
Mock-Up
Page 1367 and 1368:
Reporting: Basic Pin Information
Page 1369 and 1370:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1371 and 1372: Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374: 6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
Page 1375 and 1376: A test program had been first carri
Page 1377 and 1378: 6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
Page 1379 and 1380: Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
Page 1381 and 1382: Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
Page 1383 and 1384: The test sample may be of any geome
Page 1385 and 1386: Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388: Note on units: If sound velocity is
Page 1389 and 1390: Experts at work
Page 1391 and 1392: This application note contains quic
Page 1393 and 1394: Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1399 and 1400: High Temperature Conventional UT- G
Page 1401 and 1402: (1a) Thickness gauging The most com
Page 1403 and 1404: In challenging applications requiri
Page 1405 and 1406: Applications involving thin materia
Page 1407 and 1408: Note that normal incidence shear wa
Page 1409 and 1410: 2.3 Test Techniques The following f
Page 1411 and 1412: Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1413 and 1414: 3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1415 and 1416: 3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
Page 1417 and 1418: Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1419 and 1420: Discussion: An offshore installatio
Page 1424 and 1425: 6.9.2 Thickness measurements are ma
Page 1426 and 1427: 6.9.3 Position measurements Positio
Page 1428 and 1429: Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 1430 and 1431: Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
Page 1432 and 1433: 6.10: In-Service Inspection
Page 1434 and 1435: In-Service Inspection- Testing for
Page 1436 and 1437: In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
Page 1438 and 1439: In-Service Inspection- (a) Testing
Page 1440 and 1441: 6.11: Casting
Page 1442 and 1443: Casting- Typical casting defects an
Page 1444 and 1445: Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
Page 1446 and 1447: Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
Page 1448 and 1449: Olympus Data on Bond Testing Our co
Page 1450 and 1451: The BondMaster 1000e+ allows users
Page 1452 and 1453: Bond Testing: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT B
Page 1454 and 1455: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Eight Frequenc
Page 1456 and 1457: Customers who already own an OmniSc
Page 1458 and 1459: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1460 and 1461: Q41: The best type of frequency for
Page 1462 and 1463: Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1464 and 1465: 6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1466 and 1467: Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1468 and 1469: For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1470 and 1471: Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1472 and 1473:
Family Day
Page 1474 and 1475:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1476 and 1477:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1478 and 1479:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1480 and 1481:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1482 and 1483:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1484 and 1485:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1486 and 1487:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1488 and 1489:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1490 and 1491:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1492 and 1493:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1494 and 1495:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1496 and 1497:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1498 and 1499:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1500 and 1501:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1502 and 1503:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1504 and 1505:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1506 and 1507:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1508 and 1509:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1510 and 1511:
Sail Off
Page 1512 and 1513:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1514 and 1515:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1516:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1521 and 1522:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1523 and 1524:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1525 and 1526:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1527 and 1528:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1533:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1536 and 1537:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1538 and 1539:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1540 and 1541:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1542 and 1543:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1544 and 1545:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1546 and 1547:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1548 and 1549:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1550 and 1551:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1552 and 1553:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1554 and 1555:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1556 and 1557:
Finding the probe index
Page 1558 and 1559:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1560 and 1561:
Calibration for range:
Page 1562 and 1563:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1564 and 1565:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1566 and 1567:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1568 and 1569:
Page 1570 and 1571:
Page 1572 and 1573:
The DAC
Page 1574 and 1575:
DAC Curve
Page 1576 and 1577:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1578 and 1579:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1580 and 1581:
Transfer Corection
Page 1582 and 1583:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1584 and 1585:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1586 and 1587:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1588 and 1589:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1590 and 1591:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1592 and 1593:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1594 and 1595:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1596 and 1597:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1598 and 1599:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1600 and 1601:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1602 and 1603:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1604 and 1605:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1606 and 1607:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1608 and 1609:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1610 and 1611:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1612 and 1613:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1614 and 1615:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1616 and 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1622 and 1623:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1624 and 1625:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1626 and 1627:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1628 and 1629:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1630 and 1631:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1632 and 1633:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1634 and 1635:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1636 and 1637:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1638 and 1639:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1640 and 1641:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1642 and 1643:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1644 and 1645:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1646 and 1647:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1648 and 1649:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1650 and 1651:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1652 and 1653:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1654 and 1655:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1656 and 1657:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1658 and 1659:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1660 and 1661:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1662 and 1663:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1664 and 1665:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1666 and 1667:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1668 and 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
Page 1670 and 1671:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1672 and 1673:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1674 and 1675:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1676 and 1677:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1678 and 1679:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1680 and 1681:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1682 and 1683:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1688 and 1689:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1690 and 1691:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1692 and 1693:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1694 and 1695:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1696 and 1697:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1698 and 1699:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1700 and 1701:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1702 and 1703:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
Page 1704 and 1705:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1706 and 1707:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1708 and 1709:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1710 and 1711:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1712:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1717 and 1718:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1720 and 1721:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1722 and 1723:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1724 and 1725:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1726 and 1727:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1728 and 1729:
E/N/G
Page 1730 and 1731:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1732 and 1733:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1734 and 1735:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1736 and 1737:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1738 and 1739:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1740 and 1741:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1742 and 1743:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1744 and 1745:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1746 and 1747:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1748 and 1749:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1750 and 1751:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1752 and 1753:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1754:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1758 and 1759:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1760 and 1761:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1762 and 1763:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1764 and 1765:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1766:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1769 and 1770:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1771 and 1772:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1773 and 1774:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1775 and 1776:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1777:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1780 and 1781:
Figure1:
Page 1782 and 1783:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1784 and 1785:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1790 and 1791:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers I C
Page 1792 and 1793:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1794 and 1795:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1796 and 1797:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1798 and 1799:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1800 and 1801:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1802 and 1803:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1805 and 1806:
Table 1.2
Page 1807 and 1808:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1809 and 1810:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1811 and 1812:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1813 and 1814:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1815 and 1816:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1817 and 1818:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1819 and 1820:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1821 and 1822:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1823 and 1824:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1825 and 1826:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1827 and 1828:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1829 and 1830:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1831 and 1832:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1833 and 1834:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1835 and 1836:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1837 and 1838:
Q4-16
Page 1839 and 1840:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1841 and 1842:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1843 and 1844:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1845:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1848 and 1849:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1850 and 1851:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1852 and 1853:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1854 and 1855:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1856:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1861 and 1862:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1863 and 1864:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1865 and 1866:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1867 and 1868:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1869:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1872 and 1873:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1874 and 1875:
Page 1876:
Page 1879 and 1880:
Page 1881 and 1882:
Page 1883 and 1884:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1885 and 1886:
Page 1887 and 1888:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1889 and 1890:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1891 and 1892:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1893:
Page 1896 and 1897:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1898 and 1899:
Page 1900 and 1901:
Expert at Works
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Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Practices Make Perfect
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Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
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2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1917 and 1918:
Page 1919 and 1920:
Offshore Lifts
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Top Scorer
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Exercises Studyblue-01
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3. The only significant sound wave
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7. The simple experiment where a st
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11. The differences in signals rece
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15. Which of the following may resu
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19. When examining materials for pl
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21. Rayleigh waves are influenced m
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25. Which of the following scanning
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29. At an interface between two dif
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33. In the immersion technique, the
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37. On an A-scan display, what repr
Page 1945 and 1946:
41. A 152 mm (6 in) diameter rod is
Page 1947 and 1948:
Immersion Testing Bridge Manipulato
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45. Which best describes a typical
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49. During a straight beam ultrason
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53. A smooth flat discontinuity who
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57. The angle at which 90 degrees r
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61. Large gains in a metallic test
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65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1961 and 1962:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1963 and 1964:
72. If you were requested to design
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76. The electronic circuitry that a
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80. The angle formed by an ultrason
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83. A grouping of a number of cryst
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85. The angular position of the ref
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89. The change in direction of an u
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93. In general, shear waves are mor
Page 1977 and 1978:
97. The speed with which ultrasonic
Page 1979 and 1980:
Barbecue Lamb
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103. If ultrasonic wave is transmit
Page 1983 and 1984:
107. When inspecting a rolled or fo
Page 1985 and 1986:
111. During immersion testing of an
Page 1987 and 1988:
115. One of the most common applica
Page 1989 and 1990:
119. At a water-steel interface the
Page 1991 and 1992:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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127. The instrument displays a plan
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131. The motion of particles in a s
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135. As frequency increases in ultr
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139. The velocity of longitudinal w
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143. A diagram in which the entire
Page 2003 and 2004:
147. The expansion and contraction
Page 2005 and 2006:
151. A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 2007 and 2008:
153. When an ultrasonic beam reache
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157. The most common used method of
Page 2011 and 2012:
161. Acoustic velocities of materia
Page 2013 and 2014:
165. The resolving power of a trans
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169. Because the velocity of sound
Page 2017 and 2018:
173. In an A-scan presentation, the
Page 2019 and 2020:
Fiesta
Page 2021 and 2022:
Choices
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179. Low frequency sound waves are
Page 2025 and 2026:
Frequency = 5 MHZ, Wavelength λ =
Page 2027 and 2028:
181. In immersion testing, the acce
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183. In immersion testing, irreleva
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187. The property of certain materi
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191. The lack of parallelism betwee
Page 2035 and 2036:
195. Reducing the extent of the dea
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199. Attenuation is the loss of the
Page 2039 and 2040:
203. The most commonly used method
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Chicken & Squid Satay Treats
Page 2043 and 2044:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 2045:
Addendum-04C Questions & Answers- I
Page 2048 and 2049:
Production Island
Page 2050 and 2051:
At works
Page 2053 and 2054:
Assorted Exercises
Page 2055 and 2056:
Q23. Propagation of ultrasonic wave
Page 2057 and 2058:
Q30. The sum of reflection & transm
Page 2059 and 2060:
Practice 2: Source: Lavender Intern
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Q3. On a scan display the dead zone
Page 2063 and 2064:
Q7. In which zone does the amplitud
Page 2065 and 2066:
Q11. Of an A-scan display what repr
Page 2067 and 2068:
Q15. The ratio of the velocity of s
Page 2069 and 2070:
19. The total energy losses occurri
Page 2071 and 2072:
Other Sources
Page 2073:
Q47: A major (!) limitation of usin
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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