Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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Attenuation is generally proportional to the square of sound frequency. Quoted values of attenuation are often given for a single frequency, or an attenuation value averaged over many frequencies may be given. Also, the actual value of the attenuation coefficient for a given material is highly dependent on the way in which the material was manufactured. Thus, quoted values of attenuation only give a rough indication of the attenuation and should not be automatically trusted. Generally, a reliable value of attenuation can only be obtained by determining the attenuation experimentally for the particular material being used. Attenuation ∝ Frequency (f ) 2
Attenuation can be determined by evaluating the multiple back wall reflections seen in a typical A-scan display like the one shown in the image at the bottom. The number of decibels between two adjacent signals is measured and this value is divided by the time interval between them. This calculation produces a attenuation coefficient in decibels per unit time Ut. This value can be converted to nepers/length by the following equation. Where v is the velocity of sound in meters per second and Ut is in decibels per second.
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
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Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
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Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
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4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
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UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
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3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
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ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
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Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
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Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
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Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
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Section 1: Introduction
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1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
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In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
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Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
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Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
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• Operation is electronic, which
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1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
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Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Spectrum
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Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
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Q151 A point, line or surface of a
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2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
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Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
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Longitudinal and shear waves
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In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
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Longitudinal Wave
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Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
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In the transverse or shear wave, th
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2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
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Rayleigh waves
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Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
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The major axis of the ellipse is pe
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Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
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Surface wave - Following Contour Su
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Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
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Love Wave
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At this depth, wave energy is about
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Q: Which of the following modes of
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Since the 1990s, the understanding
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Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
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Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
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When guided in layers they are refe
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Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
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Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
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Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
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2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
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Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
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2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
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Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
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Elastic Model
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Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 123 and 124: Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 125 and 126: Since the mass m and the spring con
Page 127 and 128: Elastic constant → spring constan
Page 129 and 130: Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
Page 131 and 132: When calculating the velocity of a
Page 133 and 134: It must also be mentioned that the
Page 135 and 136: Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
Page 137 and 138: 2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
Page 139 and 140: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 141 and 142: Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
Page 143 and 144: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 145 and 146: Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 147 and 148: The velocities sound waves The velo
Page 149 and 150: 2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
Page 151 and 152: Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
Page 153 and 154: Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
Page 155 and 156: Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
Page 157 and 158: Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
Page 159 and 160: 2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
Page 162 and 163: Determining cross sectional area us
Page 164 and 165: “Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 166 and 167: 2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
Page 168 and 169: Absorption: Sound attenuations are
Page 170 and 171: Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
Page 172 and 173: The amplitude change of a decaying
Page 176 and 177: Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
Page 178: 2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
Page 181 and 182: 2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
Page 183 and 184: Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
Page 185 and 186: 2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
Page 187 and 188: Sound travels through materials und
Page 189 and 190: Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 191 and 192: Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
Page 193 and 194: When the acoustic impedances of the
Page 195 and 196: Reflection Coefficient:
Page 197 and 198: Using the above applet, note that t
Page 199 and 200: Incident Wave other than Normal? -
Page 201 and 202: Q: The figure above shown the parti
Page 203 and 204: For example: The dB loss on transmi
Page 205 and 206: Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
Page 207 and 208: Refraction and Snell's Law When an
Page 210 and 211: Refraction takes place at an interf
Page 212: Snell's Law describes the relations
Page 216 and 217: Snell Law http://www.ndt-ed.org/Edu
Page 218 and 219: When a longitudinal wave moves from
Page 220 and 221: Refraction and mode conversion occu
Page 222 and 223: For example, calculate the first cr
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Snell Law: 1 st / 2 nd Critical Ang
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Q. Both longitudinal and shear wave
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Typical angle beam assemblies make
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Depth & Skip
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Second Critical Angle The second cr
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2.10: Mode Conversion When sound tr
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In the previous section, it was poi
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Snell's Law
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Reflections
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V S1 V S2
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Snell Law- 1 st & 2 nd Critical Ang
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Transverse wave can be introduced i
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Calculate the offset for following
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Refraction and mode conversion at n
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Q1. From the above figures, if the
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Q: On Calculation: Incident angle=
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Q1. If you were requested to design
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2.11: Signal-to-Noise Ratio In a pr
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The following formula relates some
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Rather than go into the details of
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Determining cross sectional area us
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“Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
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Pulse Length
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2.12: The Sound Fields 2.12.1 Wave
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When waves interact, they superimpo
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UT Transducer http://www.fhwa.dot.g
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UT Transducer
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Wave Interaction Complete in-phase
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With an ultrasonic transducer, the
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29. It is possible for a discontinu
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2.12.2 Variations in sound intensit
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The sound wave exit from a transduc
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The Near Field (Fresnel) and the Fa
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Amplitude ← Near Field Effect: Be
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Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
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Near/ Far Fields http://miac.unibas
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where α is the radius of the trans
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The curvature and the area over whi
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
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Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone http://st
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Q4: A transducer has a near field i
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2.12.4 Dead Zone In ultrasonic test
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Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
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Dead Zone Illustration http://www.n
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Q: On an A-scan display, the “dea
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2.13: Inverse Square Rule/ Inverse
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Small Reflector, a reflector smalle
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2.14: Resonance Another form wave i
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Thickness of Crystal at Fundamental
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Resonance UT Testing- The diagram b
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From the natural frequencies it is
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Q: The formula used to determine th
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2.15 Measurement of Sound
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Ultrasonic Formula - Signal Amplitu
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where: delta X is the difference in
Page 345 and 346:
From this table it can be seen that
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However, the power or intensity of
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Revising the table to reflect the r
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Sound Levels- Relative dB
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“Absolute" Sound Levels Sound pre
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dB meter 97.3dB against standards s
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Exercise: Find the absolute sound l
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Practice: dB
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Example Calculation 2 If the intens
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What is the absolute rock concert s
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Practice Makes Perfect 28. An advan
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学习总是开心事
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Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
Page 376 and 377:
Page 379 and 380:
Typical sound velocities
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Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
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3.1: Piezoelectric Transducers The
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Pulse width (PW) - the time duratio
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Piezoelectric Properties The conver
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Fig. 5.10: Basic design of a single
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Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
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Piezoelectric crystals
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Page 397 and 398:
The active element of most acoustic
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The fundamental frequency of the tr
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
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Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
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■ Quartz is a Silicon Oxide (SiO
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SiO3-Silicon Quartz
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Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 硫酸锂
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■ Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3 ) are
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BaTiO 3
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Fig. 3: Comparison between PZT (lef
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■ Lead Zirconate Titanate (PBZrO
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350°C is also goof for:
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350°C is also goof for:
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Lead zirconium Titanate is an inter
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http://www.ndt.net/article/platte2/
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Ceramic Transducer
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Q68: Which of the following transdu
Page 438 and 439:
Q73: Which of the following is the
Page 440 and 441:
Transducer
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3.2.1 Transducer Cut-Out A cut away
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Transducer
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Transducer: Angle Beam
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3.2.2 The Active Element (Crystal)
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Matching Layer: Immersion & Delay T
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Note on Backing: The backing materi
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Matching Layer (Wear Plate) For imm
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Transducers
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3.2.6 Transducer Efficiency, Bandwi
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2 λ 50% Amplitude or 6dB line. 2
Page 463 and 464:
3.2.6.2 Transducer Damping It is al
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Transducer (Backing) Damping: • H
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Transducer Damping
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Transducer Damping at -20dB
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Transducer Damping
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Wave form Duration at -10dB
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Transducer Damping- High Damping (X
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3.2.6.3 Bandwidth: It is also impor
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The central frequency will also def
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Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
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Transducers are constructed to with
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Instrumentation Filtered Band Width
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Q8: Receiver noise must often be fi
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Q48: The approximate bandwidth of t
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Since the ultrasound originates fro
Page 494 and 495:
Near Field
Page 496 and 497:
Angular characteristics: Lines of e
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Angular characteristics: Sound-pres
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For a piston source transducer of r
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Spherical or cylindrical focusing c
Page 504 and 505:
Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
Page 506 and 507:
Probe dimension & Z f , , Ɵ 探
Page 508 and 509:
3.4: Transducer Beam Spread As disc
Page 510 and 511:
As shown in the applet below, beam
Page 513 and 514:
Beam angle is an important consider
Page 515 and 516:
3.5: Transducer Types Ultrasonic tr
Page 517 and 518:
Contact Transducers
Page 519 and 520:
Contact Transducer http://www.olymp
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3.5.2 Immersion transducers In imme
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Focusing Ration in water/steel (F=4
Page 525 and 526:
Focal Length Equation: The focal le
Page 527 and 528:
Focal Length Variations
Page 529 and 530:
Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 531 and 532:
Q79: What type of search unit allow
Page 533 and 534:
Q78: Which of the following is not
Page 535 and 536:
For a single crystal probe the leng
Page 537 and 538:
There are other advantages 1. Doubl
Page 539 and 540:
Advantages: Improves near surface r
Page 541 and 542:
Duo Elements Transducer Transmittin
Page 543 and 544:
3.5.4 Delay line transducers provid
Page 545 and 546:
Other Reading (Olympus): Delay Line
Page 547:
Delay lined Transducer
Page 550 and 551:
Probe Delay with TR-Probe
Page 552 and 553:
Probe Delay
Page 554 and 555:
Delay Line UT 1 Lab 8 www.youtube.c
Page 556 and 557:
Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
Page 558 and 559:
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
Page 566 and 567:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 568 and 569:
Angle Beam Transducers- Mode Conver
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Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
Page 572 and 573:
Angle Beam Transducer http://www.ol
Page 574 and 575:
Application of Normal incidence she
Page 576 and 577:
Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 578 and 579:
Q: To evaluate and accurately locat
Page 580 and 581:
Q: A special scanning device with t
Page 582 and 583:
3.6: Transducer Testing Some transd
Page 584 and 585:
TRANSDUCER EXCITATION As a general
Page 586 and 587:
Square Wave Spiked Pulser: (negativ
Page 588 and 589:
UT Flaw Detector - Olympus EPOCH 60
Page 590 and 591:
Effects of Probe Frequencies: 1. Hi
Page 594 and 595:
As noted in the ASTM E1065 Standard
Page 596 and 597:
Relative Pulse-Echo Sensitivity--Th
Page 598 and 599:
Sound Field Measurements--The objec
Page 600 and 601:
There is ongoing research to develo
Page 602 and 603:
3.8: Couplants A couplant is a mate
Page 604 and 605:
Immersion Method - Water as a coupl
Page 606 and 607:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 608 and 609:
Couplant
Page 610 and 611:
Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer
Page 612 and 613:
EMAT
Page 614 and 615:
Electromagnetic acoustic transducer
Page 616 and 617:
3. Dry Inspection. Since no couplan
Page 618 and 619:
Applications of EMATs EMAT has been
Page 620 and 621:
Cross-sectional view of a spiral co
Page 622 and 623:
Cross-sectional view of a tangentia
Page 624 and 625:
EMATS The bulk-shear-wave EMAT cons
Page 626 and 627:
Cross-sectional view of a periodic
Page 628 and 629:
3.10: Pulser-Receivers Ultrasonic p
Page 630 and 631:
Transducer Cut-out
Page 632 and 633:
Pulse Length: BS4331 Pt2. N= Pulse
Page 634:
Pulse Length: A long pulse length m
Page 637 and 638:
Pulse Length
Page 639 and 640:
Pulse Length
Page 641 and 642:
Pulse-Length and Wave form Quality
Page 643 and 644:
Pulse Length- x axis time domain Qu
Page 645 and 646:
Pulse-echo mode of operation, wideb
Page 647 and 648:
Sensitivity in pulse-echo mode of o
Page 649 and 650:
Damping: Shock wave transducer and
Page 651 and 652:
The pulser-receiver is also used in
Page 653 and 654:
Transducers of the kind most common
Page 655 and 656:
Bandwidth - Typical transducers for
Page 657 and 658:
In fact, the actual beam profile is
Page 659 and 660:
Attenuation - As it travels through
Page 661 and 662:
3.11: Tone Burst Generators In Rese
Page 663 and 664:
Tone burst generators http://www.se
Page 665 and 666:
Section of biphase modulated spread
Page 667 and 668:
3.13: Electrical Impedance Matching
Page 669 and 670:
Cable Electrical Characteristics Th
Page 671 and 672:
Capacitance in a cable is usually m
Page 673 and 674:
Quality Factor “Q”
Page 675 and 676:
3.15: Data Presentation Ultrasonic
Page 677 and 678:
Data Presentation:
Page 679 and 680:
In the A-scan presentation, relativ
Page 681 and 682:
A-Scan http://static3.olympus-ims.c
Page 683 and 684:
3.15.2 B-Scan http://static2.olympu
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B-Scan http://static2.olympus-ims.c
Page 687 and 688:
It should be noted that a limitatio
Page 689 and 690:
Q: In a B-scan display, the length
Page 691 and 692:
C-Scan The (1) relative signal ampl
Page 694 and 695:
C-Scan / A-Scan
Page 696 and 697:
C-Scan
Page 698 and 699:
C-Scan Recording
Page 700 and 701:
The D scan- The D scan gives a side
Page 702 and 703:
3.15.5 The Through Transmission Sha
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Fig. 12.1 Principle of the shadow m
Page 706 and 707:
3.15.6 Other Presentations
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3.16.2 Through Transmission Techniq
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The Through Transmission Shadow Met
Page 713 and 714:
The Tandem Techniques Phased array:
Page 715 and 716:
During the set-up of immersion meth
Page 717 and 718:
3.17 UT Equipment Circuitry & Contr
Page 719 and 720:
Instrument Circuitry: Time base The
Page 721 and 722:
Instrument Circuitry: Power Supply.
Page 723 and 724:
Instrument Circuitry: Signal-condit
Page 725 and 726:
Instrument Circuitry: Clock The clo
Page 727 and 728:
Instrument Circuitry: Pulser-Receiv
Page 729 and 730:
Instrument Control: REJECT Control
Page 731 and 732:
Instrument Control: GAIN Control Th
Page 733 and 734:
• A control that varies the level
Page 735 and 736:
• High-voltage or low-voltage dri
Page 737 and 738:
3.17.3 Pulse-Echo Instrumentation (
Page 739:
3. The voltage pulse reaches the tr
Page 742 and 743:
Typical block diagram of an analog
Page 744 and 745:
3.17.4 B Scan Block diagram: B-scan
Page 746 and 747:
Typical B-scan setup, including vid
Page 748 and 749:
• Third, echoes are indicated by
Page 750 and 751:
3.17.5 C-scan display C-scan displa
Page 752 and 753:
System Setup. In a basic C-scan sys
Page 754 and 755:
Q79: In the pulse echo instrument,
Page 756 and 757:
Q1: The rate generator in B-scan eq
Page 758 and 759:
Q129: An A-scan display, which show
Page 760 and 761:
Q32: On many ultrasonic testing ins
Page 762 and 763:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 764 and 765:
3.18 Further Reading on Sub-Section
Page 766 and 767:
In this picture there is two differ
Page 768 and 769:
This picture shows how water waves
Page 770 and 771:
3.18.4 Diffraction
Page 772 and 773:
Diffraction
Page 774 and 775:
Diffraction
Page 776 and 777:
Diffraction
Page 778 and 779:
This diagram shows an interference.
Page 780 and 781:
Interference
Page 782 and 783:
3.19 Questions & Answers
Page 784 and 785:
Q12: The 1 MHz transducer that shou
Page 786 and 787:
Q4. Calibration of ultrasonic equip
Page 788 and 789:
Discussion Topic: Factors affecting
Page 790:
Experts at Work-Salute!
Page 794 and 795:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 796 and 797:
Calibrations
Page 798 and 799:
This section will discuss some of t
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The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 802 and 803:
The IIW Type 2 Calibration Block
Page 804 and 805:
EN12223:1999 Calibration Block
Page 806 and 807:
The IIW Calibration Block 1 st Chec
Page 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 812 and 813:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 814 and 815:
The IIW 2 Calibration Block Check f
Page 816 and 817:
Calibration Blocks- Area Amplitude
Page 818 and 819:
IIW Blocks- US-1 IIW Type US-1
Page 820 and 821:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type Mini
Page 822 and 823:
IIW type blocks are used to calibra
Page 824 and 825:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 826 and 827:
DSC AWS Block
Page 828 and 829:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 830 and 831:
The DC AWS Block is a metal path di
Page 832 and 833:
The RC Block is used to determine t
Page 834 and 835:
Miniature Resolution Block The mini
Page 836 and 837:
Distance/Sensitivity (DS) Block The
Page 838 and 839:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 840 and 841:
Distance/Area-Amplitude Blocks Dist
Page 842 and 843:
Area-Amplitude Blocks Area-amplitud
Page 844 and 845:
Key Words: Distance Amplitude Block
Page 846 and 847:
Q: A primary purpose of a reference
Page 848 and 849:
DAC Curve
Page 850 and 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 853 and 854:
A distance amplitude correction cur
Page 855 and 856:
DAC Java http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educ
Page 857 and 858:
Sequence for constructing a DAC cur
Page 859 and 860:
Back Wall Echo Sweep 2” / Distanc
Page 861 and 862:
3.) Position the transducer over th
Page 863 and 864:
5.) To complete the DAC curve conne
Page 865 and 866:
DAC Curve
Page 867:
Gain Control for FSH: It should be
Page 870 and 871:
Alta Vista UT Calibration DAC Curve
Page 872 and 873:
Exit Point A2 Block
Page 874 and 875:
Q16: Notches are frequently used as
Page 876 and 877:
Probe Angles- A2 Block
Page 878 and 879:
4.2.4: Calibration of shear waves f
Page 880 and 881:
1 st Echo from circular Section
Page 882 and 883:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 884 and 885:
25 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 886 and 887:
100 mm radius from K2 Block
Page 888 and 889:
Shear Wave Distance Calibration IIW
Page 890 and 891:
4.2.5: Dead Zone Determine the dead
Page 892 and 893:
4.2.6: 20 dB Profile- A5 Block
Page 894 and 895:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Sound Pres
Page 896 and 897:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 898 and 899:
TRANSFER & ATTENUATION CORRECTION:
Page 900 and 901:
4.2.8: Linearity Checks (Time Base
Page 902:
Tolerance Unless otherwise specifie
Page 908 and 909:
4.2.8.2: Linearity of Equipment Gai
Page 912:
5.2.8.3-1: Linearity of vertical di
Page 915 and 916:
4.2.8.3-2: Linearity of vertical di
Page 918 and 919:
4.2.9: Time Correction Gain (TCG) P
Page 920 and 921:
Q29: Test sensitivity correction fo
Page 922 and 923:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 924 and 925:
convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 926 and 927:
Q: In an immersion method, the inci
Page 928 and 929:
A curvature correction curve can be
Page 930 and 931:
The plot to the right shows an exam
Page 932 and 933:
A table of correction values and th
Page 934 and 935:
Curvature Correction
Page 936 and 937:
An important source of practice cod
Page 938 and 939:
Spherical reflectors are often used
Page 940 and 941:
4.5: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 942 and 943:
Q6: The Notches are frequently used
Page 944 and 945:
Birring NDT Series, UT of Welds Par
Page 950 and 951:
Section 5: Measurement Techniques
Page 952 and 953:
Expert at works
Page 954 and 955:
d 1 = v½t d 2 = v½t = d 1 +d 2 2v
Page 956 and 957:
A Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
Page 958 and 959:
In thickness gauging, ultrasonic te
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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A-Scan http://www.ndt-ed.org/Educat
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Flaw Location and Echo Display
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Near Surface Detectability with Ang
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
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Why angle beam assemblies are used
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http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/appli
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Sound energy that is transmitted fr
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Selecting the right angle beam asse
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The IIW recommends the use of a con
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High temperature wedges Standard an
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5.3: Reflector Sizing There are man
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Crack height (a) is a function of t
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5.3.2 6 dB Drop Sizing- For Large R
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6 dB Drop Method
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6 dB Drop Method
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20 dB Drop Method
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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Now find the 25mm hole and maximise
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Construction of a beam edge plot -2
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5.3.5 Maximum Amplitude Techniques
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5.4: Automated Scanning Ultrasonic
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The most common ultrasonic scanning
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It is often desirable to eliminate
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5.5: Precision Velocity Measurement
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Precision Velocity Measurements (us
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The most important application of E
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Time Measurement Technique Fourier
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Relative measurements such as the c
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Attenuation: A o U t A
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5.7: Spread Spectrum Ultrasonics Sp
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Two significant applications of Spr
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2. Piece-part assembly line environ
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EMATs with Spread Spectrum Ultrason
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Display Time/Magnitude domain Frequ
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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Fourier Analysis
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5.9.1 Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method
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Pulse Echo Method- Schematic screen
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Pulse Echo Method- Multiple echoes
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Influence of Shadow on axial defect
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Influence of reflector size on sign
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Pulse Echo Method s Probe Sound tra
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5.9.2.1 Pitch-Catch Methods- Throug
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Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
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Figure 1 shows the relationship bet
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Video on Through Transmission Metho
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Immersion Methods For immersion tes
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Immersion Methods- The water path s
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Modified Immersion Methods - Irriga
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Straight Beam Immersion Methods 1 2
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Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Weld
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Immersion Testing Set-up
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Manipulators Bridge Bridge Manipula
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Wands / Support Tubes The support t
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Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
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Other Reading (Olympus)- Angle Beam
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Unfocused transducer By definition,
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Video on Immersion Testing www.yout
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Q1: Which of the following scanning
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Q2: Using the immersion method, a d
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38. The component in a conventional
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Scanning Patterns
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PRR- Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
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Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
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Q186: The maximum scanning speed po
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Transducer Interference- Transducer
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Specimen Surface Interference ? ?
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Mode Conversion Interference The mo
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Non Relevant Indications Transducer
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Non Relevant Indication Large grain
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5.13: Entry Surface Variables Entry
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In addition to reduced coupling, wh
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Unless done properly, removal of su
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5.13.2 Surface Coatings Surface coa
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Thickness Measurement with Surface
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Attenuation of couplants varies wit
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Table 8.2 For example the plastics
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5.13.4 More Reading: What is Neper
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Hence the Neper and dB are related
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Q31: Rough surfaces can cause undes
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Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
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Q1: A tubular product is tested by
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Q3: Minimum number of hits required
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Q5: What is the maximum PRR is need
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Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
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Q8: Assume that the minimum PRR is
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The 6 dB Method For Large Reflector
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Q1 What is the correct water path b
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Q5: When dissimilar metal welds is
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Section 6: Selected Applications &
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6.11: Casting 6.12: Inspection of b
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6.1.0 Flaw Orientation: Parallel /
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Q28. A crack 13mm that is 13mm (0.5
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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Micro-shrinkage is usually many sma
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
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Casting Defects & Discontinuities -
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6.1.2 Processing Defects & Disconti
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Expert at works
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
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Q9: The preferred method of ultraso
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities
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Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
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6.1.4 Service Induced Defects & Dis
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Service Induced Defects & Discontin
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Figure 4-26 - Metallographic cross-
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Figure 4-37 - High magnification ph
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Figure 4-57 - Vibration induced fat
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Figure 5-1 - Localized amine corros
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Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
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Figure 5-47 - Carbonate cracking ad
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Figure 5-49 - Most cracks originate
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6.2: Rail Inspection
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The need for a better inspection me
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Transverse Fissure
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One of the methods used to inspect
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Techniques: Examples of axles with
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6.3: Weldments (Welded Joints)
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UT of Weldments (Welded Joints) F s
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Flaw Detection- Depth Determination
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T = Plate Thickness ϴ = Shear wave
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Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1252:
To determine the proper scanning ar
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Expert at works
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Typically scanning patterns
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Weld Scanning
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Weld Scanning
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Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Plate Weld Scanning
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Practice Makes Perfect 52. One of t
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6.4: Pipe & Tube
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Pipe & Tube
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning 48.59 o max 30 o max
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Pipe Scanning
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Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio W
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Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
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Q: Calculate the maximum shear wave
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Q35: During immersion testing of pi
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6.5: Echo Dynamic
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6.5.1 Basic echodynamic pattern of
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C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
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C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
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C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
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Echodynamic- Change of echo height
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Break Time
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Refl
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
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Echo Dynamic- Root Concavity
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic- Broad indication with
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Echo Dynamic
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Echo Dynamic The echo response from
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Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1341 and 1342:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1343 and 1344:
Q183. In immersion testing, irrelev
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Q46. Which best describes a typical
Page 1347 and 1348:
Crack Macro- Air filled Crack has g
Page 1349 and 1350:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1351 and 1352:
Q46. A smooth flat discontinuities
Page 1353 and 1354:
Expert at works
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Physical Dimension
Page 1357 and 1358:
Physical Dimension
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Reporting: Scanning Report - Bottom
Page 1363 and 1364:
Mock-Up
Page 1365 and 1366:
Mock-Up
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Reporting: Basic Pin Information
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
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Pitch and Catch Methods- Echo Dynam
Page 1373 and 1374:
6.7.1 Determination of Microstructu
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A test program had been first carri
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6.7.4 Elastic Modulus Measurement A
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Elastic Modulus Measurement- Poisso
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Rubber cannot be characterized ultr
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The test sample may be of any geome
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Testing Procedure: Velocity Measure
Page 1387 and 1388:
Note on units: If sound velocity is
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Experts at work
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This application note contains quic
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Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
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High Temperature Conventional UT- G
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(1a) Thickness gauging The most com
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In challenging applications requiri
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Applications involving thin materia
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Note that normal incidence shear wa
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2.3 Test Techniques The following f
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Coupling Technique: The combination
Page 1413 and 1414:
3.0 High Temperature Testing and Va
Page 1415 and 1416:
3.2 Zero Recalibration: When perfor
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Keyword: • In typical fine grain
Page 1419 and 1420:
Discussion: An offshore installatio
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6.9.1 Dimension-Measurement Applica
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Pulse-echo thickness gages with a d
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With oil at the correct level, suff
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In another position measurement sys
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Q144. A thin sheet may be inspected
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In-Service Inspection The methods d
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In-Service Inspection- Oblique or s
Page 1437 and 1438:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Probe fo
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In-Service Inspection- (a) Cross-se
Page 1441 and 1442:
Casting In castings flaw detection
Page 1443 and 1444:
Casting
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6.12: Bonded Joint
Page 1447 and 1448:
During inspection, the oscilloscope
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Bond Testing: BondMaster 1000e+
Page 1451 and 1452:
The BondMaster 1000e+.
Page 1453 and 1454:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Advanced Compo
Page 1455 and 1456:
Advanced Composite Inspection Olymp
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Encoded system: any two-axis encodi
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OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
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6.13: Corrosion Monitoring
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Despite these drawbacks, ultrasonic
Page 1465 and 1466:
Crack Monitoring Laboratory and in-
Page 1467 and 1468:
The use of pulse-echo techniques fo
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6.15: Stress Measurements
Page 1471 and 1472:
The real limitation of this techniq
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6. App-1: TOFD Introduction NOTE: N
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TOFD provides a wide area of covera
Page 1477 and 1478:
TOFD offers rapid weld inspection w
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Due to the low amplitude of the dif
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Tips Diffractions
Page 1483 and 1484:
TOFD
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TOFD has been used for some time fo
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Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
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For these types of weld inspections
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Scan of weld with cursor positioned
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Measurement of good area shows thic
Page 1495 and 1496:
6.11.3.3TOFD for Corrosion Measurem
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TOFD for Weld- TOFD Parallel Scanni
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■ Perpendicular Scanning Scanning
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Typical “Perpendicular” Weld Sc
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■ Benefit of TOFD Parallel Scanni
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The Experts at work.
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Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
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Break Time
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Section 7: Reference Materials
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7.1: UT Material Properties Acousti
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7.3: Video Time
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Section 8: Ultrasonic Inspection Qu
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8.1: Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
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Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes http:
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https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationRes
Page 1528:
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note
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Normal Beams Calibration Techniques
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Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Lar
Page 1539 and 1540:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1541 and 1542:
IF zero Material attenuation: The s
Page 1543 and 1544:
Material Attenuation in 100mm = YdB
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Construction of Beam Edges:
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The other edge:
Page 1549 and 1550:
Construction of beam spread at 25mm
Page 1551 and 1552:
Angle Beams Calibration Techniques
Page 1553 and 1554:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge 1.
Page 1555 and 1556:
First/ Second Critical Angles 27.56
Page 1557 and 1558:
Finding the probe index
Page 1559 and 1560:
Calibration for range:
Page 1561 and 1562:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1563 and 1564:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1565 and 1566:
The Proofing: Plot out the Stand-Of
Page 1567 and 1568:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
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The DAC
Page 1573 and 1574:
DAC Curve
Page 1575 and 1576:
DAC Curve Plot 1. Obtained the sign
Page 1577 and 1578:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1579 and 1580:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH A type of ref
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
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Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1585 and 1586:
Transfer Correction: Comparison of
Page 1587 and 1588:
Transfer Correction: Angle Probes M
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FLAT Bottom Holes FBH ■ DGS/AVG D
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(Curve #1) represents the relative
Page 1593 and 1594:
As implemented in contemporary digi
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More reading on DGS
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DGS # of near field
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DGS-If you have a signal feom a fla
Page 1601 and 1602:
Locating reflectors with an angle-b
Page 1603 and 1604:
Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
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Scanning Patterns
Page 1617:
Scanning Patterns
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Practice Makes Perfect 81. The 100
Page 1625 and 1626:
Addendum-01b Equipment Calibration
Page 1627 and 1628:
The Circuitry: • Voltage activati
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pulser C
Page 1631 and 1632:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Puls
Page 1633 and 1634:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation PULSER T
Page 1635 and 1636:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Increasi
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Tran
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PULSER TGC UNIT MEMORY TRX TRS RF R
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Electric
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Amplitud
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Primary
Page 1649 and 1650:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation TGC Cont
Page 1651 and 1652:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1653 and 1654:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The slid
Page 1655 and 1656:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Frequenc
Page 1657 and 1658:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Wide-ban
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DYNAMIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RF ampli
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation LOGARITH
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation R-F ampl
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation REJECTIO
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation SIGNAL P
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation RECTIFIC
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Full-Wav
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Smoothin
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 4. Digit
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Matrix Columns, y coordinates
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10x 10y X, Y ADDRESS 8x 7y 5x 5y 3x
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X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1689 and 1690:
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DIGITAL
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Echoes d
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gray Sca
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation % Availa
Page 1699 and 1700:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 9 7 8 8
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Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Zoom Mag
Page 1703 and 1704:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Data Pre
Page 1705 and 1706:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1707 and 1708:
68. When the incident angle is chos
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Q: In a UT test system where signal
Page 1711 and 1712:
Q: The intended purpose of the adju
Page 1716 and 1717:
Trigonometry http://www.mathwarehou
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1.0 Material Acoustic Properties Ma
Page 1721 and 1722:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1723 and 1724:
3.0 Properties of Acoustic Plane Wa
Page 1725 and 1726:
What properties of material affect
Page 1727 and 1728:
Where V is the speed of sound, C is
Page 1729 and 1730:
5.0 Attenuation The amplitude chang
Page 1731 and 1732:
Attenuation can be determined by ev
Page 1733 and 1734:
Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 1735 and 1736:
7.0 Acoustic Impedance Sound travel
Page 1737 and 1738:
Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 1739 and 1740:
Using the above applet, note that t
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Practice Makes Perfect Following ar
Page 1743 and 1744:
Q2: What is the percentage of sound
Page 1745 and 1746:
Snell’s Law http://education-port
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Practice Made Perfect 7. Snell's la
Page 1749 and 1750:
Practice Makes Perfect 11. Calculat
Page 1751 and 1752:
The following formula relates some
Page 1753 and 1754:
10. Near/ Far Fields http://miac.un
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Modified Near Zone T Perspex Modifi
Page 1759 and 1760:
Apparent Near Zone distance
Page 1761 and 1762:
The focal length F is determined by
Page 1763 and 1764:
Calculate the offset for following
Page 1765 and 1766:
14.0 Inverse Law and Inverse Square
Page 1768 and 1769:
Inverse Law: For large reflector, r
Page 1770 and 1771:
- Distance Gain Size is a method of
Page 1772 and 1773:
In the general diagram the size of
Page 1774 and 1775:
Example: If you has a signal at a c
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More on DGS/AVG by Olympus http://w
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As implemented in contemporary digi
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Figure2:
Page 1783 and 1784:
16.0 Immersion Testing of Circular
Page 1785:
Maximum ϴ ϴ max = Sin -1 (ID/OD)
Page 1791 and 1792:
Uncertain Questions 21. Which type
Page 1793 and 1794:
RC- Resolution Calibration Block
Page 1795 and 1796:
17. Surface waves are used to detec
Page 1797 and 1798:
45. When examining thin materials f
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Mistake Made ----------------------
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Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1803:
Questions & Answers
Page 1806 and 1807:
Chapter 1: Physical Principles Q1-1
Page 1808 and 1809:
Q1-20 Two plate yield different bac
Page 1810 and 1811:
Q1-15 At a water-Aluminum interface
Page 1812 and 1813:
Chapter 2: Equipment Q2-5 A 5MHz 0.
Page 1814 and 1815:
Q2-14 What is the offset required,
Page 1816 and 1817:
Q2-18 In Fig.29 what is the rate of
Page 1818 and 1819:
Q2-21 Two signals were compared to
Page 1820 and 1821:
Charter 3: Common Practices Q3-6 In
Page 1822 and 1823:
Always Check the units correctly!!!
Page 1824 and 1825:
Smart Engineer do not made mistake
Page 1826 and 1827:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1828 and 1829:
Smart Papua New Guianese do not mad
Page 1830 and 1831:
Q3-11 When using a focued, straight
Page 1832 and 1833:
Q3-23 A air filled #3 FBH 0.5” in
Page 1834 and 1835:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1836 and 1837:
Q4-15 Answer: Offset = T.tan70 x Nu
Page 1838 and 1839:
Q4-17 Answer: Total length of axial
Page 1840 and 1841:
Q4-18 Answer:
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Break! mms://a588.l3944020587.c3944
Page 1844 and 1845:
Q5-22 Answer: Class C
Page 1847 and 1848:
5. At a solid to free boundary, an
Page 1849 and 1850:
13. An oscilloscope display in whic
Page 1851 and 1852:
17. Transducer focal lengths are no
Page 1853 and 1854:
53. An ultrasonic instrument contro
Page 1855 and 1856:
72. When conducting an immersion te
Page 1860 and 1861:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1862 and 1863:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1864 and 1865:
Standards Answer: A
Page 1866 and 1867:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1868 and 1869:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1871 and 1872:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
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Study Blueeeeeeee… 28 th July 201
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mms://a588.l3944020587.c39440.g.lm.
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Calculation: Incident angle= 7° Re
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04A Questions & Answers on
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Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
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Questions & Answers
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Practices Make Perfect
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Questions More Reading & on Answers
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Ultrasonic Formula
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Inverse Law and Inverse Square Law
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Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
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Addendum-04B Questions & Answers- I
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Production Platform http://www.stud
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Content: 1. Exercise 01 - Studyblue
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1. The wave mode that has multiple
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5. When angle beam contact testing
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9. The random distribution of cryst
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13. In immersion testing, the near
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17. As frequency increases in ultra
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Popey http://192.81.248.91:8095/
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23. Lamb waves can be used to detec
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27. Using the immersion method, a d
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31. Ultrasonic wheel units may be u
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35. Which circuit triggers the puls
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39. In immersion testing in a small
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42. In an automatic scanning immers
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43. When adjusting the flaw locatin
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47. Compensation for the variation
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51. Gas discontinuities are reduced
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55. As transducer diameter decrease
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59. Attenuation is a difficult quan
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63. Delay-tip (stand-off) type cont
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66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
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70. The angle at which 90 degrees r
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74. For aluminum and steel, the lon
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78. In inspecting a 102 mm (4 in) d
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81. The process of adjusting an ins
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WPS/PQR
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87. In ultrasonic testing, the time
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91. Which of the following modes of
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95. A testing technique in which th
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99. Mechanical and electrical stabi
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101. The formula on the right is us
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105. The product of the sound veloc
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109. What kind of waves travel at a
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112. Properties of shear or transve
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117. Generally, the best ultrasonic
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121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
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125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
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129. Compression waves whose partic
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133. The refraction angle of longit
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137. The velocity of sound is the l
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141. The acoustic impedance is: A.
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145. A discontinuity that occurs du
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149. A point, line, or surface of a
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152. The equation describing wavele
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155. Of the piezoelectric materials
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159. The wavelength of an ultrasoni
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163. Lamb waves may be used to insp
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167. The primary requirement of a p
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171. Reflection indications from a
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Break- On my treat should I pass! 2
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175. Waves that travel around gradu
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177. An ultrasonic instrument has b
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Frequency = 2.25 MHZ, Wavelength λ
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180. When using tow separate transd
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Steel Making http://www.tatasteelin
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185. In cases where the diameter of
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189. To prevent the appearance of h
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193. Rayleigh waves: A. Are generat
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197. The technique of examining an
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201. In immersion shear wave testin
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Chicken Satay Fest
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Exercises Studyblue-02 http://www.s
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3. The only significant sound wave
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Reading: http://www.freezingblue.co
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Production Platform
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Some body make this up, He had neve
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Practice 1: Source: http://www.scri
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Q27. If E is the bulk modulus of a
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Q35. in case of ultrasonography, je
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Q1. Which of the following is a ref
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Q5. Look at diagram one at the foot
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Q9. Of the following sound waves mo
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Q13. Attenuation is a difficult qua
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Q17. The speed with which ultrasoni
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Here are answers: 1. A side drilled
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Q35: Couplant used in contact testi
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Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

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