Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Note that in the diagram, there is a reflected longitudinal wave (V L1' ) shown. This wave is reflected at the same angle as the incident wave because the two waves are traveling in the same material, and hence have the same velocities. This reflected wave is unimportant in our explanation of Snell's Law, but it should be remembered that some of the wave energy is reflected at the interface. In the applet below, only the incident and refracted longitudinal waves are shown. The angle of either wave can be adjusted by clicking and dragging the mouse in the region of the arrows. Values <strong>for</strong> the angles or acoustic velocities can also be entered in the dialog boxes so the that applet can be used as a Snell's Law calculator.
Page 1:
Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Leve
Page 6 and 7:
Numerical Prefix • Micro - (µ) a
Page 8 and 9:
Contents: 1. ASNT Level III Exam To
Page 10 and 11:
4. Interpretation/Evaluations • E
Page 12 and 13:
UT - Ultrasonic Testing Length: 4 h
Page 14 and 15:
3. Techniques/Calibrations •Conta
Page 16 and 17:
ASME V Article Numbers: Gen Article
Page 18:
Other Reading • http://techcorr.c
Page 21 and 22:
Content: Section 1: Introduction 1.
Page 23 and 24:
Content: Section 3: Equipment & Tra
Page 25 and 26:
Content: Section 4: Calibration Met
Page 27 and 28:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 29 and 30:
Section 1: Introduction
Page 31 and 32:
1.1: Basic Principles of Ultrasonic
Page 33 and 34:
In ultrasonic testing, the reflecte
Page 35 and 36:
Basics of Ultrasonic Test- Contact
Page 37 and 38:
Basics of Ultrasonic Test- A-Scan
Page 39 and 40:
Source-2: The advantages of ultraso
Page 41 and 42:
• Operation is electronic, which
Page 43 and 44:
1.3: Limitations (Disadvantages) As
Page 46 and 47:
Content: Section 2: Physics of Ultr
Page 48 and 49:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 50:
Parameters of Ultrasonic Waves
Page 53 and 54:
Acoustic Spectrum
Page 55 and 56:
Acoustic Spectrum
Page 57 and 58:
Acoustic Wave - Node and Anti-Node
Page 59 and 60:
Q151 A point, line or surface of a
Page 61 and 62:
2.2.2 Propagation & Polarization Ve
Page 63 and 64:
Longitudinal and shear waves- Defin
Page 65 and 66:
Longitudinal and shear waves
Page 67 and 68:
In longitudinal waves, the oscillat
Page 69:
Longitudinal Wave
Page 72 and 73:
Shear waves vibrate particles at ri
Page 74:
In the transverse or shear wave, th
Page 77 and 78:
2.2.5 Rayleigh Characteristics Rayl
Page 79 and 80:
Rayleigh waves
Page 81 and 82:
Surface (or Rayleigh) waves travel
Page 83 and 84:
The major axis of the ellipse is pe
Page 85 and 86:
Surface wave or Rayleigh wave are f
Page 87 and 88:
Surface wave - Following Contour Su
Page 89 and 90:
Rayleigh Wave http://web.ics.purdue
Page 91 and 92:
Love Wave
Page 93 and 94:
At this depth, wave energy is about
Page 95 and 96:
Q: Which of the following modes of
Page 97 and 98:
Since the 1990s, the understanding
Page 99 and 100:
Plate or Lamb waves are the most co
Page 101 and 102:
Plate wave or Lamb wave are formed
Page 103 and 104:
When guided in layers they are refe
Page 105 and 106:
Symmetrical = extensional mode Asym
Page 107 and 108:
Other Reading: Lamb Wave Lamb waves
Page 109 and 110:
Fig. 4 Diagram of the basic pattern
Page 111 and 112:
2.2.7 Dispersive Wave: Wave modes s
Page 113 and 114:
Plate or Lamb waves are generated a
Page 115 and 116:
2.3: Sound Propagation in Elastic M
Page 117 and 118:
Spring model- A mass on a spring ha
Page 119 and 120:
Elastic Model
Page 121 and 122:
Elastic Model / Longitudinal Wave
Page 123 and 124:
Elastic Model / Shear Wave
Page 125 and 126:
Since the mass m and the spring con
Page 127 and 128:
Elastic constant → spring constan
Page 129 and 130:
Q163 Acoustic velocity of materials
Page 131 and 132:
When calculating the velocity of a
Page 133 and 134:
It must also be mentioned that the
Page 135 and 136:
Longitudinal Wave Velocity: V L The
Page 137 and 138:
2.4: Properties of Acoustic Plane W
Page 139 and 140:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 141 and 142:
Java don’t work? Uninstalled →
Page 143 and 144:
Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 145 and 146:
Java don’t work? http://jingyan.b
Page 147 and 148:
The velocities sound waves The velo
Page 149 and 150:
2.5: Wavelength and Defect Detectio
Page 151 and 152:
Keywords: • Discontinuity must be
Page 153 and 154:
Keywords: • Coarse grains →Lowe
Page 155 and 156:
Coarse grains →Lower frequency to
Page 157 and 158:
Keywords: • Higher the frequency,
Page 159 and 160:
2.5.3 Further Reading Detectability
Page 162 and 163: Determining cross sectional area us
Page 164 and 165: “Sonic pulse volume” and S/N (d
Page 166 and 167: 2.6: Attenuation of Sound Waves 2.6
Page 168 and 169: Absorption: Sound attenuations are
Page 170 and 171: Anisotropic Columnar Grains with di
Page 172 and 173: The amplitude change of a decaying
Page 174 and 175: Attenuation is generally proportion
Page 176 and 177: Amplitude at distance Z where: Wher
Page 178: 2.6.2 Factors Affecting Attenuation
Page 181 and 182: 2.6.4 Further Reading on Attenuatio
Page 183 and 184: Q168: Heat conduction, viscous fric
Page 185 and 186: 2.7: Acoustic Impedance Acoustic im
Page 187 and 188: Sound travels through materials und
Page 189 and 190: Reflection/Transmission Energy as a
Page 191 and 192: Q2.8: The acoustic impedance of mat
Page 193 and 194: When the acoustic impedances of the
Page 195 and 196: Reflection Coefficient:
Page 197 and 198: Using the above applet, note that t
Page 199 and 200: Incident Wave other than Normal? -
Page 201 and 202: Q: The figure above shown the parti
Page 203 and 204: For example: The dB loss on transmi
Page 205 and 206: Q6: For an ultrasonic beam with nor
Page 207 and 208: Refraction and Snell's Law When an
Page 210 and 211: Refraction takes place at an interf
Page 212: Snell's Law describes the relations
Page 217 and 218: Snell Law
Page 219 and 220: Snell Law
Page 221 and 222: Example: Snell’s Law L-wave and S
Page 223 and 224: Snell Law: First critical angle
Page 225 and 226: Q155 Which of the following can occ
Page 227: Q: When angle beam contact testing
Page 235 and 236: Snell Law: http://techcorr.com/serv
Page 237 and 238: More on Snell Law Like light, when
Page 239 and 240: http://www.ndtcalc.com/calculators.
Page 241 and 242: Mode Conversion http://www.ndt-ed.o
Page 243 and 244: Snell's Law holds true for shear wa
Page 245 and 246: In the applet below, the shear (tra
Page 247 and 248: Creep wave
Page 249 and 250: Beyond the first critical angle, on
Page 251 and 252: Note that the applet defaults to co
Page 253 and 254: Offset of Normal probe above circul
Page 255 and 256: Refraction and mode conversion at n
Page 261 and 262: Q118: At the water-steel interface,
Page 263 and 264:
Q72. In a water immersion test, ult
Page 265 and 266:
Q53. The term used to determined th
Page 267 and 268:
The absolute noise level and the ab
Page 269 and 270:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length M
Page 271:
Acoustic Volume: w x w y ∆t
Page 274 and 275:
Determining cross sectional area us
Page 276 and 277:
4. Decreases in materials with high
Page 278 and 279:
Pulse Length Affect Resolution
Page 280 and 281:
Transducer cut-out http://ichun-che
Page 282 and 283:
UT Transducer
Page 284 and 285:
UT Transducer- Surface creep wave t
Page 286 and 287:
UT Transducer
Page 288 and 289:
When the origins of the two interac
Page 290 and 291:
However, as stated previously, soun
Page 292 and 293:
Q5: Acoustic pressure along the bea
Page 294 and 295:
Of course, there are more than two
Page 296 and 297:
2.12.3 Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone Fr
Page 298 and 299:
The Near Field (Fresnel)- Wave Inte
Page 300 and 301:
Fresnel / Fraunhofer Zone
Page 302 and 303:
Near field (near zone) or Fresnel z
Page 304 and 305:
Near/ Far Fields
Page 306 and 307:
where D is the diameter of the tran
Page 308 and 309:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone 10dB, K-0
Page 310 and 311:
Fresnel & Fraunhofer Zone
Page 312 and 313:
Q: Where does beam divergence occur
Page 314 and 315:
Q160 Beam divergence is a function
Page 316 and 317:
Dead Zone - The interval following
Page 318 and 319:
Dead Zone -The initial pulse is a t
Page 320 and 321:
Dead Zone http://www.ni.com/white-p
Page 322 and 323:
Q36: To eliminate the decrease in s
Page 324 and 325:
Large Reflector Inverse Rule
Page 326:
Small Reflector Inverse Square Rule
Page 330 and 331:
Fundamental Frequency The lowest re
Page 332 and 333:
Transducers Piezoelectric Thickness
Page 334 and 335:
Application Case#1: The specimen's
Page 336 and 337:
Application Case#2: Electromagnetic
Page 338 and 339:
Q7: The resonance frequency of 2cm
Page 340 and 341:
dB is a measures of ratio of 2 valu
Page 342 and 343:
The Decibel The equation used to de
Page 344 and 345:
Why is the dB unit used? Use of dB
Page 346 and 347:
Use of the dB in Sound Measurements
Page 348 and 349:
Since transducers and microphones p
Page 350 and 351:
Sound Levels- Relative
Page 352 and 353:
Practice:
Page 354:
“Absolute" Sound Levels Whenever
Page 357 and 358:
Absolute: The standard reference so
Page 359 and 360:
Exercise: ANSWER Find the absolute
Page 361 and 362:
Relative dB: Example Calculation 1
Page 363 and 364:
Example Calculation 3 Consider the
Page 365 and 366:
2.16 Practice Makes Perfect
Page 367 and 368:
Q104: If an ultrasonic wave is tran
Page 369 and 370:
学习总是开心事
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377:
Section 3: Equipment & Transducers
Page 380 and 381:
Wavelength in mm for Steel
Page 382 and 383:
3.10: Pulser-Receivers 3.11: Tone B
Page 384 and 385:
• Sensitivity is the ability of t
Page 386 and 387:
Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 388 and 389:
This alignment of molecules will ca
Page 390 and 391:
Transducer Effectiveness The effect
Page 392 and 393:
Piezoelectric crystals http://www.n
Page 394 and 395:
Piezoelectric crystals
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
The thickness of the active element
Page 400 and 401:
At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 402 and 403:
At Interface: Reflection & Transmit
Page 404 and 405:
Piezoelectric crystals may be X or
Page 406 and 407:
Q153 A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
3.1.1: Type of Piezoelectric Crysta
Page 412 and 413:
Quartz
Page 414 and 415:
■ Lithium Sulphate LiSO 4 , grows
Page 416 and 417:
Followings are Piezoelectric crysta
Page 418 and 419:
BaTiO 3
Page 420 and 421:
■ Lead Metaniobate (PBNbO 6 ) cry
Page 422 and 423:
Fig. 4: Comparison between lead Met
Page 424 and 425:
■ Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT Cur
Page 426 and 427:
350°C is also goof for:
Page 428 and 429:
Curie Temperature: In physics and m
Page 430 and 431:
Lead zirconium Titanate PZT http://
Page 433 and 434:
Properties of Piezoelectric Materia
Page 435 and 436:
Q67: Which of the following transdu
Page 437 and 438:
Q21: An advantage of using a cerami
Page 439 and 440:
3.2: Characteristics of Piezoelectr
Page 441 and 442:
Transducer PZT & Matching Layer Thi
Page 443 and 444:
Contact Transducer Types: socket cr
Page 445 and 446:
Transducer: Straight Beam
Page 447 and 448:
Transducer Cut-Out
Page 449 and 450:
3.2.3 Design of Matching Layer The
Page 451 and 452:
3.2.4 Backing (Damping) The backing
Page 453 and 454:
3.2.5 Wear Plate The basic purpose
Page 455 and 456:
When signals are in phase, their am
Page 457 and 458:
Transducers http://www.ndt-kits.com
Page 459 and 460:
Resolution: BS4331 Pt 3. the recomm
Page 461:
In the early days of ultrasonic tes
Page 464 and 465:
Transducer Damping (illustration wi
Page 466 and 467:
Transducer Damping Narrow bandwidth
Page 468 and 469:
Transducer Damping
Page 470 and 471:
Transducer Damping at -14dB
Page 472 and 473:
Transducer Damping- Pulse Length
Page 474 and 475:
Transducer Damping- Low Damping (X-
Page 476 and 477:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 478 and 479:
Bandwidth: • The unit for bandwid
Page 480 and 481:
Bandwidth (BW) - the difference bet
Page 482 and 483:
The relation between MHz bandwidth
Page 484 and 485:
The approximate relations shown in
Page 486 and 487:
Instrumentation Band Width:
Page 488 and 489:
Q164: The resolving power of a tran
Page 490 and 491:
3.3: Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic
Page 493 and 494:
The pressure waves combine to form
Page 495 and 496:
Angular characteristics for large d
Page 497 and 498:
Angular characteristics: Spatial di
Page 499 and 500:
Angular characteristics: Sound pres
Page 501 and 502:
http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationReso
Page 503 and 504:
Beam Spreads http://www.eclipsescie
Page 505 and 506:
Probe Dimension & Spread angle 探
Page 507 and 508:
Probe dimension & Z f, , Ɵ 探子
Page 509 and 510:
Although beam spread must be consid
Page 511:
Near/ Far Fields Near field, constr
Page 514 and 515:
For a flat piston source transducer
Page 516 and 517:
3.5.1 Contact transducers are used
Page 518 and 519:
Contact probe
Page 520 and 521:
Practice Makes Perfect 43. Which of
Page 522 and 523:
Unfocused & Focused
Page 524 and 525:
Focused Transducer (Olympus) Z B F
Page 526 and 527:
Focal Length Variations Focal Lengt
Page 528 and 529:
This change in the focal length can
Page 530 and 531:
Cylindrical & Spherical Focused
Page 532 and 533:
Q18: Which of the following is an a
Page 534 and 535:
3.5.3 Dual element transducers cont
Page 536 and 537:
The Perspex shoes hold the crystals
Page 538 and 539:
Other Reading (Olympus): Dual eleme
Page 540 and 541:
Figure (13).
Page 542 and 543:
Duo Elements Transducer
Page 544 and 545:
Delay Lined Transducer: Advantages:
Page 546 and 547:
Delay Lined Transducer
Page 549 and 550:
TR-Probe / Dual Crystal Probe- Tran
Page 551 and 552:
Cross Talk at High Gain
Page 553 and 554:
Probe Delay
Page 555 and 556:
3.5.5 Angle beam transducers Angle
Page 557 and 558:
Angle Beam Transducers- Angle beam
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Angle Beam Transducers ϴ 1L ϴ 2L
Page 569 and 570:
Angle Beam Transducers- Common Term
Page 571 and 572:
Angle Beam Transducers- Longitudina
Page 573 and 574:
3.5.6 Normal incidence shear wave t
Page 575 and 576:
Normal incidence shear wave transdu
Page 577 and 578:
3.5.7 Paint brush transducers Paint
Page 579 and 580:
3.5.8 Wheel Transducer Wheel Transd
Page 581 and 582:
UT Technician At works- Salute!
Page 583 and 584:
Manufacturers often provide time an
Page 585 and 586:
Excitation: Spiked Pulser (negative
Page 587 and 588:
Pulse energy: Broad band versus Nar
Page 589 and 590:
Other tests may include the followi
Page 591:
Effects of Probe Sizes: 1. The larg
Page 595 and 596:
Shock excitation
Page 597 and 598:
Frequency Response--The frequency r
Page 599 and 600:
3.7: Transducer Modeling In high-te
Page 601 and 602:
The Thompson-Gray Measurement Model
Page 603 and 604:
Couplant
Page 605 and 606:
Squirter Column (bubbler)- Water as
Page 607 and 608:
Couplant
Page 609 and 610:
3.9: Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans
Page 611 and 612:
F is the body force per unit volume
Page 613 and 614:
A number of practical EMAT configur
Page 615 and 616:
Comparison between EMAT and Piezoel
Page 617 and 618:
Challenges and Disadvantages The di
Page 619 and 620:
http://mdienergy.com/emat.html
Page 621 and 622:
EMAT Transducer http://www-ndc.me.e
Page 623 and 624:
Cross-sectional view of a normal fi
Page 625 and 626:
Cross-sectional view of a meander c
Page 627 and 628:
Practical EMAT designs are relative
Page 629 and 630:
The pulser section of the instrumen
Page 631 and 632:
Pulse characteristics Pulse energy
Page 633 and 634:
Pulse Length: BS EN 12668- Part 1 I
Page 636 and 637:
Pulse Length
Page 638 and 639:
Pulse Length
Page 640 and 641:
Pulse Length and Wave form
Page 642 and 643:
Wave form Quality Factor
Page 644 and 645:
Pulse-Echo mode of operation, narro
Page 646 and 647:
Modulus of the electrical impedance
Page 648 and 649:
Transducers
Page 650 and 651:
In the receiver section the voltage
Page 652 and 653:
Pulse/Beam Characteristics High fre
Page 654 and 655:
Frequency - The number of wave cycl
Page 656 and 657:
Sensitivity - The relationship betw
Page 658 and 659:
Focusing - Immersion transducers ca
Page 660 and 661:
Q15: A significant limitation of a
Page 662 and 663:
Tone burst generators
Page 664 and 665:
3.12: Arbitrary Function Generators
Page 666 and 667:
In spread spectrum ultrasonics (see
Page 668 and 669:
Data Signals: Input versus Output C
Page 670 and 671:
Shielding is normally specified as
Page 672 and 673:
3.14 Transducer Quality Factor “Q
Page 674 and 675:
Quality Factor “Q” High quality
Page 676 and 677:
Data Presentation: A, B and C-scan
Page 678 and 679:
3.15.1 A-Scan Presentation The A-sc
Page 680 and 681:
A-Scan
Page 682 and 683:
In the illustration of the A-scan p
Page 684 and 685:
B-Scan
Page 686 and 687:
B-Scan Presentation The B-scan pres
Page 688 and 689:
B-Scan
Page 690 and 691:
3.15.3 C-Scan Presentation The C-sc
Page 692:
C-Scan
Page 695 and 696:
High resolution scans can produce v
Page 697 and 698:
C-Scan Recording
Page 699 and 700:
3.15.4 The D scan- The D scan gives
Page 701 and 702:
AUT Displays
Page 703 and 704:
In the pulse-echo method, it is nec
Page 705 and 706:
Fig. 12.2 Shadow method with reflec
Page 707 and 708:
3.16 Testing Techniques 3.16.1 Puls
Page 709:
Through Transmission Techniques
Page 712 and 713:
3.16.3 The Tandem Techniques The ta
Page 714 and 715:
3.16.4 Immersion Methods In immersi
Page 716 and 717:
¼ T T
Page 718 and 719:
3.17.1 Instrument Circuitry: Althou
Page 720 and 721:
Instrument Circuitry: Screen pictur
Page 722 and 723:
Instrument Circuitry: Receiver-ampl
Page 724 and 725:
Instrument Circuitry: Image- and Da
Page 726 and 727:
Instrument Circuitry: Pulse Repetit
Page 728 and 729:
3.17.2 Instrument Control: Even tho
Page 730 and 731:
Instrument Control: DELAY and RANGE
Page 732 and 733:
Instrument Control: Display Control
Page 734 and 735:
Instrument Controls: • A marker c
Page 736 and 737:
Instrument Control: Gates Most UT e
Page 738 and 739:
Figure above Block diagram circuitr
Page 741 and 742:
Pulse Repetition Rate - Gain - Freq
Page 743 and 744:
A basic instrument contains several
Page 745 and 746:
Applications. The chief value of B-
Page 747 and 748:
• First, the display is generated
Page 749 and 750:
Signal Display. The oscilloscope sc
Page 751 and 752:
Typical C-scan setup, including dis
Page 753 and 754:
Gating. (Depth Gate) An electronic
Page 755 and 756:
Q1: In an ultrasonic test system wh
Page 757 and 758:
Q30: The time from the start of the
Page 759 and 760:
Q166: In a basic pulse echo instrum
Page 761 and 762:
121. In an ultrasonic instrument, t
Page 763 and 764:
125. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 765 and 766:
3.18.2 Reflection 西塘
Page 767 and 768:
How do reflection, refraction, and
Page 769 and 770:
3.18.3 Refraction happens when ligh
Page 771 and 772:
Diffraction
Page 773 and 774:
Diffraction
Page 775 and 776:
Diffraction
Page 777 and 778:
Diffraction happen when light tries
Page 779 and 780:
3.18.5 Interference
Page 781 and 782:
Interference
Page 783 and 784:
Q11: When maximum sensitivity is re
Page 785 and 786:
Q3: The ultrasonic instrument used
Page 787 and 788:
Q15: Entry surface resolution is a
Page 789 and 790:
Expert at Works-Salute!
Page 793 and 794:
Section 4: Calibration Methods
Page 795 and 796:
4.1: Calibration Methods Calibratio
Page 797 and 798:
In ultrasonic testing, there is als
Page 799 and 800:
Introduction to the Common Standard
Page 801 and 802:
The IIW Type Calibration Block
Page 803 and 804:
The IIW Type I Calibration Block
Page 805 and 806:
The IIW Phase Array Calibration Blo
Page 807 and 808:
The IIW Calibration Block 2 nd Chec
Page 811 and 812:
Find probe angle Find Index/Range/R
Page 813 and 814:
V2 Calibration Block
Page 815 and 816:
Calibration Blocks
Page 817 and 818:
The standard shown in the above fig
Page 819 and 820:
IIW Blocks- IIW Type US-2
Page 821 and 822:
V1/5, A2 Block
Page 823 and 824:
DSC Block, Mini block, Rompas Block
Page 825 and 826:
A block that closely resembles the
Page 827 and 828:
Calibration Range Using DSC AWS Blo
Page 829 and 830:
AWS Shear Wave Distance Calibration
Page 831 and 832:
AWS Resolution Calibration (RC) Blo
Page 833 and 834:
30 FBH Resolution Reference Block T
Page 835 and 836:
Step and Tapered Calibration Wedges
Page 837 and 838:
Area Amplitude Blocks provide stand
Page 839 and 840:
The ASTM basic set of Area/Distance
Page 841 and 842:
ASTM E 127
Page 843 and 844:
Distance-Amplitude #3, #5, #8 FBH B
Page 845 and 846:
Q56: On the area-amplitude ultrason
Page 847 and 848:
4.2: The Calibrations 4.2.1: Distan
Page 849 and 850:
http://www.huatecgroup.com/china-di
Page 851:
DAC- Distance Amplitude Correction
Page 854 and 855:
The following applet shows a test b
Page 856 and 857:
Developing a Distance Amplitude Cor
Page 858 and 859:
Back Wall Echo
Page 860 and 861:
2.) This example represents the use
Page 862 and 863:
4.) With no further adjustments to
Page 864 and 865:
Plotting DAC Curve
Page 866 and 867:
DAC Curve
Page 869 and 870:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Dist
Page 871 and 872:
4.2.2: Finding the probe index
Page 873 and 874:
Exit Point- A5 Block
Page 875 and 876:
Checking the probe angle
Page 877 and 878:
Probe Angles- A5 Block
Page 879 and 880:
Calibration of shear waves for rang
Page 881 and 882:
Echo from 100mm circular Section
Page 883 and 884:
Page 885 and 886:
50 mm radius from V2 Block
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Exit Point /Range/Probe Angle calib
Page 891 and 892:
Dead Zone Determine the dead zone b
Page 893 and 894:
20 dB Profile Probe Beam Line of Sy
Page 895 and 896:
4.2.7: Transfer Correction Methods
Page 897 and 898:
Example: 0 degree Probe Calibration
Page 899 and 900:
Transfer and Attenuation Correction
Page 901 and 902:
4.2.8.1: Linearity of time base Gen
Page 907 and 908:
Ultrasonic Testing - Horizontal Lin
Page 909:
Tolerance Frequency of checking The
Page 914 and 915:
Figure 6 — General purpose set-up
Page 916:
Method A: 6.3.2.1 Apparatus—A tes
Page 919 and 920:
Q61: The vertical linear range of a
Page 921 and 922:
4.3: Curvature Correction Curvature
Page 923 and 924:
Concave surfaces work to focus the
Page 925 and 926:
Convex surfaces work to defocus the
Page 927 and 928:
Q: In transmitting sound energy int
Page 929 and 930:
The resulting model allows computat
Page 931 and 932:
Curvature Corrections
Page 933 and 934:
Curvature Correction
Page 935 and 936:
4.4: Calibration References & Stand
Page 937 and 938:
Reference Reflectors: are used as a
Page 939 and 940:
Reference Reflectors are used as a
Page 941 and 942:
Q80: The 50 mm diameter hole in an
Page 943 and 944:
4.6: Video Time http://v.pps.tv/pla
Page 945:
Birring NDT Series, Ultrasonic Test
Page 951 and 952:
Content: Section 5: Measurement Tec
Page 953 and 954:
5.1: Normal Beam Inspection Pulse-e
Page 955 and 956:
A-Scan
Page 957 and 958:
Precision ultrasonic thickness gage
Page 959 and 960:
5.2: Angle Beams I Angle Beam Trans
Page 961:
Angle Beam Transducers and wedges a
Page 964 and 965:
Flaw Location and Echo Display
Page 966 and 967:
Page 968 and 969:
Page 970 and 971:
Dead Zone
Page 972 and 973:
Flaw Location
Page 974 and 975:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 976 and 977:
Flaw Location with Angle Beam Trans
Page 978 and 979:
The angled sound beam is highly sen
Page 980 and 981:
How they work -- Snell's Law A soun
Page 982 and 983:
There are two advantages to designi
Page 984 and 985:
Contoured wedges
Page 986 and 987:
Focused dual element angle beams Th
Page 988 and 989:
threaded snap-in steel with a shear
Page 990 and 991:
Crack Tip Diffraction Methods No an
Page 992 and 993:
Crack Tip Diffraction Method The eq
Page 994 and 995:
6 dB Drop Method
Page 996 and 997:
6 dB Drop Method www.youtube.com/em
Page 998 and 999:
5.3.3 The 20 dB drop sizing method
Page 1000 and 1001:
20 dB Drop Sizing- For Small Reflec
Page 1002 and 1003:
Move the probe to the other side of
Page 1004 and 1005:
Note that we have only drawn the be
Page 1006 and 1007:
5.3.4 Equalization Back Wall Sizing
Page 1008 and 1009:
5.3.6 The DGS Method Distance Gain
Page 1010 and 1011:
Automatic Scanning
Page 1012 and 1013:
Dripless Bubbler
Page 1014 and 1015:
The second major consideration is h
Page 1016 and 1017:
Pulse-Echo and Pulse-Echo-Overlap M
Page 1018 and 1019:
EMATs http://www.resonic.com/error%
Page 1020 and 1021:
EMAT Driver Frequency: 450-600 KHz
Page 1022 and 1023:
5.6: Attenuation Measurements Ultra
Page 1024 and 1025:
The most common method used to get
Page 1026 and 1027:
Attenuation:
Page 1028 and 1029:
Section of bi-phase modulated sprea
Page 1030 and 1031:
Spread Spectrum UT
Page 1032 and 1033:
Two discrimination technique are te
Page 1034 and 1035:
5.8: Signal Processing Techniques S
Page 1036 and 1037:
The frequency domain display shows
Page 1038 and 1039:
Fourier Analysis
Page 1040 and 1041:
The following Fourier Java applet,
Page 1042 and 1043:
5.9: Scanning Methods Direct contac
Page 1044 and 1045:
Pulse Echo Method: Sound pressure o
Page 1046 and 1047:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1048 and 1049:
Pulse Echo Method
Page 1050 and 1051:
Amplitude loss: Inverse Square Law
Page 1052 and 1053:
Influence of reflector orientation
Page 1054 and 1055:
Pulse Echo Method IP BE F plate del
Page 1056 and 1057:
5.9.2 Pitch-Catch Methods Advantage
Page 1058 and 1059:
Pitch-Catch Methods- Through Transm
Page 1060 and 1061:
5.9.2.2 Pitch-Catch Methods- Tandem
Page 1062 and 1063:
Distance Between Transmitter / Rece
Page 1064 and 1065:
5.9.3 Immersion Methods Many of the
Page 1066 and 1067:
Immersion Methods- Since sound wave
Page 1068 and 1069:
Modified Immersion Methods- Bubbler
Page 1070 and 1071:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods Note t
Page 1072 and 1073:
Angle Beam Immersion Methods- Pipe
Page 1074 and 1075:
Immersion Testing Set-up
Page 1076 and 1077:
Manipulators The manipulator is pri
Page 1078 and 1079:
Bridges When the manipulator is aut
Page 1080 and 1081:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1082 and 1083:
Immersion Testing Set-up Manipulato
Page 1084 and 1085:
An unfocused transducer may be used
Page 1086 and 1087:
Focus may be designated in three wa
Page 1088 and 1089:
Q: In immersion testing, to remove
Page 1090 and 1091:
Q2: In an immersion test of a piece
Page 1092 and 1093:
Q176: To evaluate and accurately lo
Page 1094 and 1095:
5.10: Scanning Patterns
Page 1096 and 1097:
5.11: Pulse Repetition Rate and Pen
Page 1098 and 1099:
Pulse Repetition Rate and Penetrati
Page 1100 and 1101:
Pulse-Length and Near Surface Sensi
Page 1102 and 1103:
5.12: Interferences & Non-Relevant
Page 1104 and 1105:
Specimen Surface Interference Exces
Page 1106 and 1107:
Specimen Surface Interference- You
Page 1108 and 1109:
Material Geometric Interference Fal
Page 1110 and 1111:
Non Relevant Indication Large grain
Page 1112 and 1113:
Non Relevant Indications The geomet
Page 1114 and 1115:
Entry surface variables: Surface ro
Page 1116 and 1117:
Whether uniform or irregular, a rou
Page 1118 and 1119:
Keywords on Rough Surface: 1. The d
Page 1120 and 1121:
The coating is sufficiently thin th
Page 1122 and 1123:
5.13.3 Couplant Condition Both cont
Page 1124 and 1125:
In more practical terms, for water
Page 1126 and 1127:
For example the plastics listed in
Page 1128 and 1129:
Like the decibel, the Neper is a un
Page 1130 and 1131:
Hence:
Page 1132 and 1133:
5.14 The Concept of Effective Dista
Page 1134 and 1135:
Q&A on The Concept of Effective Dis
Page 1136 and 1137:
Q2: A steel bar with 200 mm thick i
Page 1138 and 1139:
Q4: Assuming that Minimum 3 pulses
Page 1140 and 1141:
Q6: What is the maximum PRR is need
Page 1142 and 1143:
Q7: A steel plate size 6.2 m ×1.8
Page 1144 and 1145:
5.15: Questions & Answers Exercises
Page 1146 and 1147:
Compared 6 dB Drop Sizing with Equa
Page 1148 and 1149:
Q5: Ultrasonic inspection is being
Page 1152 and 1153:
Break Time mms://a588.l3944020587.c
Page 1156 and 1157:
Content: Section 6: Selected Applic
Page 1158 and 1159:
6.1: Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1160 and 1161:
Flaw Orientation: Parallel / Perpen
Page 1162 and 1163:
6.1.1 Casting Defects & Discontinui
Page 1164 and 1165:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1166 and 1167:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1168 and 1169:
Casting Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1170 and 1171:
Page 1172 and 1173:
Page 1174 and 1175:
Page 1176 and 1177:
Page 1178 and 1179:
Page 1180 and 1181:
Page 1182 and 1183:
Page 1184 and 1185:
Page 1186 and 1187:
Processing Defects & Discontinuitie
Page 1188 and 1189:
Page 1190 and 1191:
Page 1192 and 1193:
Page 1194:
6.1.3 Welding Defects & Discontinui
Page 1197 and 1198:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities
Page 1199 and 1200:
Page 1201 and 1202:
Page 1203 and 1204:
Welding Defects & Discontinuities-
Page 1205 and 1206:
Page 1207 and 1208:
Page 1209 and 1210:
Page 1211 and 1212:
Page 1213 and 1214:
Page 1215 and 1216:
Service Induced Defects & Discontin
Page 1217 and 1218:
Figure 4-24 - In a carbon steel sam
Page 1219 and 1220:
Figure 4-36 - Weld detail used to j
Page 1221 and 1222:
Figure 4-38 - Failure of DMW joinin
Page 1223 and 1224:
Figure 4-58 - Cross-sectional view
Page 1225 and 1226:
Figure 5-2 - Hot Lean Amine Corrosi
Page 1227 and 1228:
Figure 5-46 - Overhead interstage k
Page 1229 and 1230:
Figure 5-48 - Metallographic sample
Page 1231 and 1232:
Longitudinal cracks- Detected by fl
Page 1233 and 1234:
Rail Inspection One of the major pr
Page 1235 and 1236:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1237 and 1238:
Transverse Fissure
Page 1239 and 1240:
Techniques: Wheel Probe
Page 1241 and 1242:
Techniques: (c) same with additiona
Page 1243 and 1244:
6.3.1: UT of Weldments (Welded Join
Page 1245 and 1246:
UT Calculator
Page 1247 and 1248:
The second step in the inspection i
Page 1249 and 1250:
https://www.mandinasndt.com/index.p
Page 1251 and 1252:
Flaw Detection- Triangulations of r
Page 1254 and 1255:
6.3.2 Weld Scanning
Page 1256 and 1257:
Typical Scanning Patterns: Typicall
Page 1258 and 1259:
Weld Scanning
Page 1260 and 1261:
Weld Scanning
Page 1262 and 1263:
Echo Dynamic- Position of Defects S
Page 1264 and 1265:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1266 and 1267:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1268 and 1269:
Plate Weld Scanning
Page 1270 and 1271:
Practice Makes Perfect 62. Which of
Page 1272 and 1273:
Pipe & Tube
Page 1274 and 1275:
Experts at work
Page 1276 and 1277:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1278 and 1279:
Pipe Scanning
Page 1280 and 1281:
Pipe Scanning- thickness/OD ratio
Page 1282 and 1283:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1284 and 1285:
Pipe Scanning- Contact Methods
Page 1286 and 1287:
Answer part B c a b a/Sin A = b/Sin
Page 1288 and 1289:
Q35: Which of the following may res
Page 1290 and 1291:
Expert at works
Page 1292 and 1293:
Basic echodynamic pattern of reflec
Page 1294 and 1295:
C.1 Pattern 1 Point-like reflector
Page 1296 and 1297:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1298 and 1299:
C.2 Pattern 2 Extended (elongated)
Page 1300 and 1301:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1302 and 1303:
C.3 Pattern 3a Extended (elongated)
Page 1304 and 1305:
C.3 Pattern 3b Oblique incidence, t
Page 1306 and 1307:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1308 and 1309:
C.4 Pattern 4 Multiple reflector re
Page 1310 and 1311:
Echodynamic- Differences between th
Page 1312 and 1313:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1314 and 1315:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Flaw
Page 1316 and 1317:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Impr
Page 1318 and 1319:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Angl
Page 1320 and 1321:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Perf
Page 1322 and 1323:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Vert
Page 1324 and 1325:
Echo Dynamic of Discontinuity- Tand
Page 1326 and 1327:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1328 and 1329:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1330 and 1331:
Echo Dynamic
Page 1332 and 1333:
Echo Dynamic Crack
Page 1334 and 1335:
Echo Dynamic- Shaper indication and
Page 1336 and 1337:
Echo Dynamic Threadlike defects, po
Page 1338 and 1339:
Echo Dynamic In case “a” it wil
Page 1340 and 1341:
Echo Dynamic Typical Echo Dynamic P
Page 1342 and 1343:
Q. A smooth flat discontinuity whos
Page 1344 and 1345:
Q24. During inspection of a paralle
Page 1346 and 1347:
Q50: The reflection amplitude of a
Page 1348 and 1349:
Crack - Air filled Crack has greate
Page 1350 and 1351:
Inclusion Macro- Nonmetallic Inclus
Page 1352 and 1353:
6.6: Technique Sheets
Page 1354 and 1355:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1356 and 1357:
Physical Dimension
Page 1358 and 1359:
Physical Dimension
Page 1360 and 1361:
Reporting: Scanning Report - Top of
Page 1362 and 1363:
Mock-Up
Page 1364 and 1365:
Mock-Up
Page 1366 and 1367:
Mock-Up
Page 1368 and 1369:
Hanger Pin Testing using Shear Wave
Page 1370 and 1371:
Pitch and Catch Methods- Set-up
Page 1372 and 1373:
6.7: Material Properties- Elastic M
Page 1374 and 1375:
6.7.2 The attenuation method The at
Page 1376 and 1377:
6.7.3 Velocity Measurements Velocit
Page 1378 and 1379:
Elastic Modulus Measurement - Young
Page 1380 and 1381:
These basic material properties, wh
Page 1382 and 1383:
Equipment: The velocity measurement
Page 1384 and 1385:
Testing Procedure: Equipment Used.
Page 1386 and 1387:
Velocity & Equations Poisson Ratio
Page 1388 and 1389:
6.8: High Temperature Ultrasonic Te
Page 1390 and 1391:
1.0 Background: Although most ultra
Page 1392 and 1393:
Temperature Limitation: Conventiona
Page 1394 and 1395:
Page 1396 and 1397:
Page 1398 and 1399:
敦煌大漠美食 - 50 度
Page 1400 and 1401:
2.0 Methods used for H.Temperature
Page 1402 and 1403:
For precision thickness gauging app
Page 1404 and 1405:
(1b) Flaw detection As in high temp
Page 1406 and 1407:
2.2 High Temperature Couplants Most
Page 1408 and 1409:
Keyword: Note that normal incidence
Page 1410 and 1411:
As a general rule, if the outer cas
Page 1412 and 1413:
2.4 Equipment Functions Freeze Func
Page 1414 and 1415:
Keyword: ■ ■ Velocity change of
Page 1416 and 1417:
3.3 Increased Attenuation: Sound at
Page 1418 and 1419:
3.4 Angular Variation in Wedges: Wi
Page 1420:
6.9: Dimension-Measurement Applicat
Page 1424 and 1425:
6.9.2 Thickness measurements are ma
Page 1426 and 1427:
6.9.3 Position measurements Positio
Page 1428 and 1429:
Fig. 60 Method of determining corre
Page 1430 and 1431:
Fig. 61 Setup for determining the p
Page 1432 and 1433:
6.10: In-Service Inspection
Page 1434 and 1435:
In-Service Inspection- Testing for
Page 1436 and 1437:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Crack te
Page 1438 and 1439:
In-Service Inspection- (a) Testing
Page 1440 and 1441:
6.11: Casting
Page 1442 and 1443:
Casting- Typical casting defects an
Page 1444 and 1445:
Casting- Detection of shrinkage cav
Page 1446 and 1447:
Inspection of Bonded Joints If the
Page 1448 and 1449:
Olympus Data on Bond Testing Our co
Page 1450 and 1451:
The BondMaster 1000e+ allows users
Page 1452 and 1453:
Bond Testing: OmniScan MX ECA/ECT B
Page 1454 and 1455:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT: Eight Frequenc
Page 1456 and 1457:
Customers who already own an OmniSc
Page 1458 and 1459:
OmniScan MX ECA/ECT
Page 1460 and 1461:
Q41: The best type of frequency for
Page 1462 and 1463:
Corrosion Monitoring Ultrasonic ins
Page 1464 and 1465:
6.14: Crack Monitoring
Page 1466 and 1467:
Monitoring of fatigue cracks in par
Page 1468 and 1469:
For example, 150 mm (6 in.) diam, 8
Page 1470 and 1471:
Stress Measurements With ultrasonic
Page 1472 and 1473:
Family Day
Page 1474 and 1475:
6.App-1.1 TOFD Basic Theory TOFD is
Page 1476 and 1477:
6.App-1.2 Main Benefits of TOFD for
Page 1478 and 1479:
6.App-1.3 6.App-1.3.1 The Theory Mo
Page 1480 and 1481:
TOFD is generally recognised as the
Page 1482 and 1483:
TOFD Transmitter Receiver Crack Bac
Page 1484 and 1485:
6.App-1.2 Application Examples ■
Page 1486 and 1487:
Figure 5-3 - Preferential weld corr
Page 1488 and 1489:
Weld Root Corrosion and Erosion Pul
Page 1490 and 1491:
TOFD is deployed by scanning the we
Page 1492 and 1493:
Scan of weld with cursor positioned
Page 1494 and 1495:
Measurement of corroded area shows
Page 1496 and 1497:
6.App-1.3.4 TOFD Benefits for Corro
Page 1498 and 1499:
6.App-1.3.5 Overview on Scanning Di
Page 1500 and 1501:
■ Parallel TOFD scanning: Where t
Page 1502 and 1503:
Typical “Parallel” Weld Scannin
Page 1504 and 1505:
6.App-1.3.6 Further Reading- Introd
Page 1506 and 1507:
Page 1508 and 1509:
Page 1510 and 1511:
Sail Off
Page 1512 and 1513:
Content: Section 7: Reference Mater
Page 1514 and 1515:
7.2: General References & Resources
Page 1516:
Calibrating 70° Probe with IIW Blo
Page 1521 and 1522:
Content: Section 8: Ultrasonic Insp
Page 1523 and 1524:
Ultrasonic Inspection Quizzes
Page 1525 and 1526:
8.2: Online UT Quizzes
Page 1527 and 1528:
http://www.ndtcalc.com/index.php?pa
Page 1533:
Addendum-01a Equipment Calibrations
Page 1536 and 1537:
Attenuation due to Beam spread for:
Page 1538 and 1539:
Attenuation Due to Beam Spread: Sma
Page 1540 and 1541:
Material Attenuation Determination:
Page 1542 and 1543:
Δ dB = total Material attenuation
Page 1544 and 1545:
Construction of beam edges plot- No
Page 1546 and 1547:
20dB drop to find edges of beam
Page 1548 and 1549:
Construction of beam spread at 13mm
Page 1550 and 1551:
Construction of beam spread at 32mm
Page 1552 and 1553:
Perspex as Matching Layer/Wedge Tun
Page 1554 and 1555:
First/ Second Critical Angles V L1
Page 1556 and 1557:
Finding the probe index
Page 1558 and 1559:
Checking the probe Angle:
Page 1560 and 1561:
Calibration for range:
Page 1562 and 1563:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Ver
Page 1564 and 1565:
The IOW Block: The Institute of Wel
Page 1566 and 1567:
Angle Beam- Beam edges Proving (Hor
Page 1568 and 1569:
Page 1570 and 1571:
Page 1572 and 1573:
The DAC
Page 1574 and 1575:
DAC Curve
Page 1576 and 1577:
FLAT Bottom Holes FBH
Page 1578 and 1579:
Reading on: FLAT Bottom Holes FBH h
Page 1580 and 1581:
Transfer Corection
Page 1582 and 1583:
Transfer Correction: Reference surf
Page 1584 and 1585:
Transfer Correction:
Page 1586 and 1587:
Transfer Correction: Compression Pr
Page 1588 and 1589:
DGS- Distance Gain Size http://www.
Page 1590 and 1591:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1592 and 1593:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1594 and 1595:
(Curve #2) represent the relative a
Page 1596 and 1597:
DGS- Different sizes of FBH at diff
Page 1598 and 1599:
What is DGS TCG is a time-corrected
Page 1600 and 1601:
Locating & Sizing Flaws
Page 1602 and 1603:
With ultrasonic instruments having
Page 1604 and 1605:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1606 and 1607:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1608 and 1609:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1610 and 1611:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1612 and 1613:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1614 and 1615:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1616 and 1617:
Scanning Patterns
Page 1622 and 1623:
Scanning Patterns http://www.olympu
Page 1624 and 1625:
Practice Makes Perfect 35. The 2 mm
Page 1626 and 1627:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation
Page 1628 and 1629:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transmit
Page 1630 and 1631:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Applied
Page 1632 and 1633:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Switch t
Page 1634 and 1635:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation CLOCK GE
Page 1636 and 1637:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Sensitiv
Page 1638 and 1639:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Transduc
Page 1640 and 1641:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Rece
Page 1642 and 1643:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Radio-Fr
Page 1644 and 1645:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The Imag
Page 1646 and 1647:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Excess G
Page 1648 and 1649:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Time Gai
Page 1650 and 1651:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE MAX
Page 1652 and 1653:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation KNEE Gai
Page 1654 and 1655:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Slide Po
Page 1656 and 1657:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Types of
Page 1658 and 1659:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Receiver
Page 1660 and 1661:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Large ra
Page 1662 and 1663:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Linear a
Page 1664 and 1665:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Gain A L
Page 1666 and 1667:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Pre-ampl
Page 1668 and 1669:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Saturati
Page 1670 and 1671:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DEMODULA
Page 1672 and 1673:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Half-Wav
Page 1674 and 1675:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation DETECTIO
Page 1676 and 1677:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The vide
Page 1678 and 1679:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation All Scan
Page 1680 and 1681:
Matrix Rows x, coordinates
Page 1682 and 1683:
Matrix Pixel
Page 1684:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation In the S
Page 1688 and 1689:
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Page 1690 and 1691:
Raster Process 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Page 1692 and 1693:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The numb
Page 1694 and 1695:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Bit 1 2
Page 1696 and 1697:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Operator
Page 1698 and 1699:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation POST PRO
Page 1700 and 1701:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation The DSC
Page 1702 and 1703:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation Resoluti
Page 1704 and 1705:
Pulse-Echo Instrumentation 1. ROM 2
Page 1706 and 1707:
66. In Figure 3, transducer C is be
Page 1708 and 1709:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1710 and 1711:
Q: The output voltage from a satura
Page 1712:
Addendum-02 Equations & Calculation
Page 1717 and 1718:
Contents: 1. Material Acoustic Prop
Page 1720 and 1721:
2.0 Ultrasonic Formula http://www.n
Page 1722 and 1723:
Ultrasonic Formula α = Transducer
Page 1724 and 1725:
4.0 The Speed of Sound Hooke's Law,
Page 1726 and 1727:
V is the speed of sound Eleatic con
Page 1728 and 1729:
E/N/G
Page 1730 and 1731:
Spreading/ Scattering/ adsorption (
Page 1732 and 1733:
Amplitude at distance Z Where v is
Page 1734 and 1735:
Which U t ? U 0 t , A 0 o U 1 t , A
Page 1736 and 1737:
The following applet can be used to
Page 1738 and 1739:
Reflection and Transmission Coeffic
Page 1740 and 1741:
If reflection and transmission at i
Page 1742 and 1743:
Q1: What is the percentage of initi
Page 1744 and 1745:
8.0 Snell’s Law Snell's Law holds
Page 1746 and 1747:
Practice Makes Perfect 5. For an ul
Page 1748 and 1749:
Practice Makes Perfect 9. Calculate
Page 1750 and 1751:
9.0 S/N Ratio The following formula
Page 1752 and 1753:
Sound Volume: Area x pulse length
Page 1754:
where α is the radius of the trans
Page 1758 and 1759:
Example: Calculate the modified Nea
Page 1760 and 1761:
11.0 Focusing & Focal Length http:/
Page 1762 and 1763:
12.0 Offset of Normal probe above c
Page 1764 and 1765:
13.0 “Q” Factor 3dB down
Page 1766:
Inverse Square Law http://www.cyber
Page 1769 and 1770:
DGS Distance Gain Sizing Y-axis sho
Page 1771 and 1772:
The blue curves plotted show how th
Page 1773 and 1774:
20-4dB=16dB (deduced) Δ Flaw =30-1
Page 1775 and 1776:
http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/atlas
Page 1777:
DGS is a primarily mathematical tec
Page 1780 and 1781:
Figure1:
Page 1782 and 1783:
15.0 Pulse Repetitive Frequency/Rat
Page 1784 and 1785:
Q4-12 Answer: First calculate the p
Page 1790 and 1791:
Addendum-03 Questions & Answers I C
Page 1792 and 1793:
Make mistakes now, not during exam!
Page 1794 and 1795:
30. On an A-scan display the dead z
Page 1796 and 1797:
31. As the acoustic impedance ratio
Page 1798 and 1799:
15. Which type of test block is use
Page 1800 and 1801:
Mistake Made ----------------------
Page 1802 and 1803:
Question: Which type of screen pres
Page 1805 and 1806:
Table 1.2
Page 1807 and 1808:
Q1-13 The second critical angle at
Page 1809 and 1810:
For evaluating material properties
Page 1811 and 1812:
Q1-22 The beam spread half angle I
Page 1813 and 1814:
Q2-12 An angle beam produce a 45°
Page 1815 and 1816:
Q2-17 A change in echo amplitude fr
Page 1817 and 1818:
Q2-19 What is the rate of attenuati
Page 1819 and 1820:
Q2-11 A change in 16dB on the atten
Page 1821 and 1822:
Q3-7 The half angle beam spread of
Page 1823 and 1824:
Monkey made mistake too!
Page 1825 and 1826:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1827 and 1828:
Smart Himba Girl do not made mistak
Page 1829 and 1830:
Q3-8 Answer: The next SDH used will
Page 1831 and 1832:
Q3-13 During examination, an indica
Page 1833 and 1834:
Q3-15 In contact testing, the back
Page 1835 and 1836:
Q4-13 Answer: PRR = number of pulse
Page 1837 and 1838:
Q4-16
Page 1839 and 1840:
Q4-17 Illustrations Complete loop=4
Page 1841 and 1842:
8. When testing a 30 mm diameter, 5
Page 1843 and 1844:
Q5-20 Answer: None of above
Page 1845:
Q5-22 Table B-1
Page 1848 and 1849:
38. The angle of a refracted shear
Page 1850 and 1851:
48. A more highly damped transducer
Page 1852 and 1853:
47. When a vertical indication has
Page 1854 and 1855:
63. The purpose of the couplant is
Page 1856:
Immersion Testing Method
Page 1861 and 1862:
Standards Answer: B
Page 1863 and 1864:
Standards Answer: A (or C?)
Page 1865 and 1866:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1867 and 1868:
Standards Answer: C
Page 1869:
Standards Answer: A?
Page 1872 and 1873:
Arrows shown standard correct answe
Page 1874 and 1875:
Page 1876:
Page 1879 and 1880:
Page 1881 and 1882:
Page 1883 and 1884:
Take a break mms://a588.l3944020587
Page 1885 and 1886:
Page 1887 and 1888:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1889 and 1890:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1891 and 1892:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1893:
Page 1896 and 1897:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1898 and 1899:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1900 and 1901:
Expert at Works
Page 1902 and 1903:
Content: Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Expe
Page 1904 and 1905:
Practices Make Perfect
Page 1906 and 1907:
Click to Q&A http://www.ndtcalc.com
Page 1908 and 1909:
2.0: Ultrasound Formula http://www.
Page 1910 and 1911:
Ultrasonic Formula
Page 1912:
Page 1915 and 1916:
Echo Amplitude- Reflector Size “D
Page 1917 and 1918:
Scanning Speed: Scanner speed = (PR
Page 1919 and 1920:
Offshore Lifts
Page 1921 and 1922:
Top Scorer
Page 1923 and 1924:
Exercises Studyblue-01
Page 1925 and 1926:
3. The only significant sound wave
Page 1927 and 1928:
7. The simple experiment where a st
Page 1929 and 1930:
11. The differences in signals rece
Page 1931 and 1932:
15. Which of the following may resu
Page 1933 and 1934:
19. When examining materials for pl
Page 1935 and 1936:
21. Rayleigh waves are influenced m
Page 1937 and 1938:
25. Which of the following scanning
Page 1939 and 1940:
29. At an interface between two dif
Page 1941 and 1942:
33. In the immersion technique, the
Page 1943 and 1944:
37. On an A-scan display, what repr
Page 1945 and 1946:
41. A 152 mm (6 in) diameter rod is
Page 1947 and 1948:
Immersion Testing Bridge Manipulato
Page 1949 and 1950:
45. Which best describes a typical
Page 1951 and 1952:
49. During a straight beam ultrason
Page 1953 and 1954:
53. A smooth flat discontinuity who
Page 1955 and 1956:
57. The angle at which 90 degrees r
Page 1957 and 1958:
61. Large gains in a metallic test
Page 1959 and 1960:
65. In Figure 3, transducer A is be
Page 1961 and 1962:
69. In Figure 4, transducer B is be
Page 1963 and 1964:
72. If you were requested to design
Page 1965 and 1966:
76. The electronic circuitry that a
Page 1967 and 1968:
80. The angle formed by an ultrason
Page 1969 and 1970:
83. A grouping of a number of cryst
Page 1971 and 1972:
85. The angular position of the ref
Page 1973 and 1974:
89. The change in direction of an u
Page 1975 and 1976:
93. In general, shear waves are mor
Page 1977 and 1978:
97. The speed with which ultrasonic
Page 1979 and 1980:
Barbecue Lamb
Page 1981 and 1982:
103. If ultrasonic wave is transmit
Page 1983 and 1984:
107. When inspecting a rolled or fo
Page 1985 and 1986:
111. During immersion testing of an
Page 1987 and 1988:
115. One of the most common applica
Page 1989 and 1990:
119. At a water-steel interface the
Page 1991 and 1992:
123. In a basic pulse echo ultrason
Page 1993 and 1994:
127. The instrument displays a plan
Page 1995 and 1996:
131. The motion of particles in a s
Page 1997 and 1998:
135. As frequency increases in ultr
Page 1999 and 2000:
139. The velocity of longitudinal w
Page 2001 and 2002:
143. A diagram in which the entire
Page 2003 and 2004:
147. The expansion and contraction
Page 2005 and 2006:
151. A quartz crystal cut so that i
Page 2007 and 2008:
153. When an ultrasonic beam reache
Page 2009 and 2010:
157. The most common used method of
Page 2011 and 2012:
161. Acoustic velocities of materia
Page 2013 and 2014:
165. The resolving power of a trans
Page 2015 and 2016:
169. Because the velocity of sound
Page 2017 and 2018:
173. In an A-scan presentation, the
Page 2019 and 2020:
Fiesta
Page 2021 and 2022:
Choices
Page 2023 and 2024:
179. Low frequency sound waves are
Page 2025 and 2026:
Frequency = 5 MHZ, Wavelength λ =
Page 2027 and 2028:
181. In immersion testing, the acce
Page 2029 and 2030:
183. In immersion testing, irreleva
Page 2031 and 2032:
187. The property of certain materi
Page 2033 and 2034:
191. The lack of parallelism betwee
Page 2035 and 2036:
195. Reducing the extent of the dea
Page 2037 and 2038:
199. Attenuation is the loss of the
Page 2039 and 2040:
203. The most commonly used method
Page 2041 and 2042:
Chicken & Squid Satay Treats
Page 2043 and 2044:
1. The wave mode that has multiple
Page 2045:
Addendum-04C Questions & Answers- I
Page 2048 and 2049:
Production Island
Page 2050 and 2051:
At works
Page 2053 and 2054:
Assorted Exercises
Page 2055 and 2056:
Q23. Propagation of ultrasonic wave
Page 2057 and 2058:
Q30. The sum of reflection & transm
Page 2059 and 2060:
Practice 2: Source: Lavender Intern
Page 2061 and 2062:
Q3. On a scan display the dead zone
Page 2063 and 2064:
Q7. In which zone does the amplitud
Page 2065 and 2066:
Q11. Of an A-scan display what repr
Page 2067 and 2068:
Q15. The ratio of the velocity of s
Page 2069 and 2070:
19. The total energy losses occurri
Page 2071 and 2072:
Other Sources
Page 2073:
Q47: A major (!) limitation of usin
show all

Preparatory Notes for ASNT NDT Level III Examination - Ultrasonic Testing, UT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?