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106 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Table 35 Flows of WEEE separately collected, disposed of and sent to an undetermined destination in the Netherlands – modified from Witteveen+Bos (2008) Category of WEEE Small household appliances and consumer equipment Generation kg/capita/year Separately collected Residual waste Retail/ Uncertainty 5.1 82% 11% 7% IT equipment 2.7 46% 22% 31% Electrical and electronic tools 0.7 49% 51% 0% Toys, leisure and sports equipment 0.2 10% 90% 0% Witteveen+Bos (2008) revealed that around two-third of WEEE is recycled by the formal sector. The remaining WEEE is either disposed of with residual waste or treated through unofficial channels. Regarding Japan, Oguchi et al. (2008) considered nine equipment types and mentions a waste product collection ratio of 2 to 56% (20% for mobile phones, 4% for desktop personal computers). Terazono & Yoshida (2008) investigated the flows of four types of WEEE (TV sets, air conditioners, refrigerators and washing machines) in Japan and exported from Japan in 2005. They found that about 50% of the 22.87 million end-of-life appliances were recovered and recycled by the producers. Regarding the flows of waste personal computers, Yoshida et al. (2009) report that around 37% of these devices were disposed and recycled in Japan in 2004, and another 37% were reused in Japan. The majority of the remaining flow, called “invisible flow” by Terazono & Yoshida (2008), was exported as second-hand equipment for reuse or as scrap. In this thesis, the “invisible flows” are the flows that do not end up in the formal sector (non-separately collected WEEE and flows to the informal sector). In Germany, around 36% of the sWEEE form the “invisible flow”. In the USA, around 87% of the generated sWEEE is not fed into a formal treatment for WEEE or reuse process. According to Shirahase et al. (2007), around 20% of the waste personal computers, containing 209 kg of gold and 285 kg of palladium, are recycled in Japan. 6.3. Impacts of the sWEEE generation expected in the future Rotter & Janz (2006) estimated the generation of WEEE in Germany in 2003 by using the ‘batch leaching’ method, and found out that the generation of waste IT equipment will increase by 72% between 2008 and 2013, while the generation of small waste consumer equipment will increase by “only” 10%. Table 36 presents a rough forecast of the generation of sWEEE in 2012, based on the results for 2007. Because few data on the evolution of the waste generation in the next years
6. Discussion of the results of the SFA 107 are available, the changes expected in Germany and in the USA were assumed to be similar. The following assumptions were made: The generation of end-of-life mobile phones and small high-grade equipment will double by 2012. Since the markets for these two equipment groups have grown in recent years, an increase of the waste generation is expected; The generation of end-of-life desktop PC will increase by 75% in five years; The generation of large high-grade equipment, including some IT equipment, will increase by 50%; The generation of CRT monitors will remain more or less stable until 2012 and decrease afterwards, as described by Chancerel (2009), as a consequence of the decrease in the sales of CRT monitors; The generation of low-grade equipment will increase by 10%, as mentioned by Rotter & Janz (2006). Table 36 Generation of sWEEE expected in 2012 compared to the sWEEE generation in 2007, and expected flows of gold and palladium in 2012 associated with sWEEE Country Equipment group Generation in 2007 (tonnes) Expected growth Generation expected in 2012 (tonnes) Gold in 2012 (kg) Palladium in 2012 (kg) Germany Mobile telephone 1 299 100% 2 598 901 392 Desktop PC 13 110 75% 22 942 707 294 CRT monitor 136 978 0% 136 978 84 39 Large high-grade eq. 48 787 50% 73 181 870 157 Small high-grade eq. 1 431 100% 2 862 175 37 Low-grade eq. 197 998 10% 217 798 601 139 All groups 399 602 456 357 3 338 1 058 USA Mobile telephone 16 268 100% 32 536 11 290 4 913 Desktop PC 397 517 75% 695 654 21 426 8 904 CRT monitor 1 468 391 0% 1 468 391 964 478 Large high-grade eq. 500 533 50% 750 800 9 472 1 766 Small high-grade eq. 23 242 100% 46 485 3 374 996 Low-grade eq. 1 316 223 10% 1 447 846 4 168 1 069 All groups 3 722 175 4 441 711 50 694 18 126 Table 36 shows that based on the assumptions presented above, the generation of sWEEE in 2012 is expected to reach around 456 000 tonnes of sWEEE in Germany and around 4.4 million tonnes in the USA. This corresponds to an increase of 14% in comparison to 2007 in Germany, and of 19% in the USA. Table 36 also presents the expected flows of gold and palladium associated with this sWEEE. The concentrations of gold and palladium in the
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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Acknowledgements Here I would like
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Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
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Composition of the doctoral thesis
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4.1.1. Generation .................
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Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
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Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
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3. Method 51 Table 8 Groups of equi
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3. Method 53 Because many data on c
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Page 69 and 70: 4. Data inventory 69 average weight
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Page 121 and 122: 7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
Page 123 and 124: 7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
Page 125 and 126: 8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
Page 127 and 128: References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
Page 129 and 130: References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
Page 131 and 132: References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
Page 133 and 134: References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
Page 135 and 136: References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
Page 137 and 138: References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
Page 139 and 140: References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
Page 141 and 142: References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
Page 143 and 144: References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 157 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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