SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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16 Tables Table 1 Targets for recovery according to section 7 of the WEEE Directive ............... 25 Table 2 Properties of the precious metals gold, silver, palladium and platinum .......... 29 Table 3 Application of gold, gold alloys, silver and silver alloys, palladium and platinum in electronics (Schlamp 1996, Hagelüken & Meskers 2008) ............ 31 Table 4 Contribution of precious metals to the environmental weight of some categories of sWEEE (Huisman et al. 2007) .................................................. 32 Table 5 Estimations of the quantity of sWEEE generated annually in Germany and in the USA ................................................................................................ 34 Table 6 Methods to estimate the WEEE generation – modified from EEA (2002) and Terazono (2007) ...................................................................................... 36 Table 7 Studies reporting quantitative data on the flows of precious metals related to the management of WEEE ......................................................................... 48 Table 8 Groups of equipment types considered in this investigation (see Appendix 1) ..................................................................................................................... 51 Table 9 Data required for mapping the flows of materials and precious metals related to the management of sWEEE ........................................................... 54 Table 10 Indicators selected to assess the flows of sWEEE and of precious metals quantified by the SFA and formula to calculate them ..................................... 61 Table 11 Estimations of the average lifetime of different products available in the literature (years).............................................................................................. 64 Table 12 Sales volumes of mobile phones in Germany for the years 2001 to 2007 (from GFU 2006a, 2006b) ............................................................................... 65 Table 13 Generation of end-of-life mobile phones, desktop personal computers and CRT monitors in the USA and in Germany estimated with three different methods (in tonnes) ........................................................................................ 66 Table 14 Estimated sWEEE generation for the different equipment groups in 2007 in tonnes – data considered for the SFA ........................................................ 67 Table 15 Quantity of sWEEE collected under the responsibility of the equipment manufacturers in Germany in 2007 and assumed distribution over the equipment groups (in tonnes) ......................................................................... 68 Table 16 Quantity of WEEE treated under the responsibility of the municipal waste management authorities in Germany in 2007 ................................................. 69 Table 17 Quantity of sWEEE treated under the responsibility of the municipal waste management authorities in Germany in 2007 and distribution over the equipment groups (in tonnes) ......................................................................... 70 Table 18 Quantity of sWEEE collected in Germany in 2007 (in tonnes) ....................... 70 Table 19 Quantity of sWEEE collected in the USA in 2007 and distribution over the equipment groups (tonnes)............................................................................. 72 Table 20 Repartition of the sWEEE contained in residual waste in Germany according to the equipment groups defined in Table 8 ................................... 73 Table 21 Mass of sWEEE in discards according to various studies in the USA (in kg/capita/year) ................................................................................................ 74 Table 22 sWEEE in residual waste in the USA according to the equipment groups defined in Table 8 .......................................................................................... 74 Table 23 Quantity of WEEE reused under the responsibility of the manufacturers in Germany in 2007 (tonnes) .............................................................................. 75 Table 24 Quantity of sWEEE reused in Germany in 2007 (in tonnes) ........................... 76 Table 25 Outgoing products sold or donated in the Northeast in tonnes (NERC 2003) ............................................................................................................... 76
Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (including whole equipment and parts) reused in 2007 in the USA (tonnes) ........................................................................................ 77 Table 27 Destination of the sWEEE sent for treatment in 2007 in Germany and in the USA (tonnes) ............................................................................................ 78 Table 28 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved in 2007 by the preprocessing technologies used for formal treatment in Germany (PP= preprocessing; Mech.= Mechanical) .................................................................... 81 Table 29 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved in 2007 by the preprocessing technologies used for formal treatment in the USA ...................... 81 Table 30 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved by the recovery processes of the formal sector ........................................................................ 82 Table 31 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved by formal treatment of sWEEE in Germany and in the USA in 2007 .................................................. 82 Table 32 Precious metals concentration in personal computers ................................... 84 Table 33 Average concentration of precious metals of different equipment groups (grams) ........................................................................................................... 85 Table 34 Indicators on collection, reuse and treatment of sWEEE and on recovery and discard of gold and palladium associated with sWEEE in Germany and in the USA (without uncertainties – the uncertainties can be found in Appendix 10) ................................................................................................... 95 Table 35 Flows of WEEE separately collected, disposed of and sent to an undetermined destination in the Netherlands – modified from Witteveen+Bos (2008) .................................................................................. 106 Table 36 Generation of sWEEE expected in 2012 compared to the sWEEE generation in 2007, and expected flows of gold and palladium in 2012 associated with sWEEE ................................................................................ 107 Table 37 Flow of gold discarded in 2012, assuming the generation presented in Table 36 and assuming that the discarding rates of 2012 are equal to the discarding rates of 2007 ............................................................................... 108 Table 38 Recommendations for limiting the losses of precious metals during management of sWEEE ............................................................................... 109 Table 39 Recommendations for pre-processing the WEEE depending on the equipment groups, in order to limit the losses of precious-metals during treatment ....................................................................................................... 114 Table 40 Quality of the data used for mapping the flows of materials and precious metals related to the management of sWEEE .............................................. 119 17
Page 1: ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
Page 13 and 14: 4.1.1. Generation .................
Page 15: Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
Page 19 and 20: List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
Page 21 and 22: 1. Introduction and objectives of t
Page 23 and 24: 2. Background and definitions 23 Du
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4. Data inventory 67 The following
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4. Data inventory 69 average weight
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4. Data inventory 71 Collection cha
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4. Data inventory 73 Table 20 Repar
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4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
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4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
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4. Data inventory 79 The variation
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4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
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4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
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4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
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5. Quantification of the flows of g
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6. Discussion of the results of the
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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