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140 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Udo de Haes et al. 2000 Udo de Haes, H.; Heijungs, R.; Huppes, G.; Van der Voet E.; Hettelingh J. Full mode and attribution mode in environmental analysis. Journal of Industrial ecology 4 (1), 2000: 45-56 UNEP 2005 Unger et al. 2008 United Nations Environment Programme. E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment's manufacturing and use. Environment Alert Bulletin 5, January 2005 Unger, N.; Schneider, F.; Salhofer, S. A review of ecodesign and environmental assessment tools and their appropriateness for electrical and electronic equipment. Progress in Industrial Ecology 5(1-2), 2008: 13-29 United Nations 2007 United Nations. Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. Third Edition, October 2007. Available online: www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/guidelines.pdf (accessed February 2009) US EPA 2007a US EPA 2007b US EPA 2008 US EPA 2009 USGS 2001 USGS 2006 USGS 2008 Van der Voet 1996 United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Management of Electronic Waste in the United States: Approach Two. 2007. Available online: www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/ecycling/index.htm (accessed November 2008) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2007. 2007. Available online: www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/msw99.htm (accessed November 2008) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Electronics Waste Management in the United States: Approach One; Final. 2008. Available online: www.epa.gov/waste/conserve/materials/ecycling/index.htm (accessed November 2008) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Regulations/Standards eCycling, 2009. Available online: www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/rules.htm (accessed January 2009) United States Geological Survey (USGS). Obsolete computers, “gold mine”, or high-tech trash? Resources recovery from recycling. USGS fact sheet FS-060-01, 2001. Available online: pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs060-01/ (accessed July 2009) United States Geological Survey (USGS). Recycled Cell Phones—A Treasure Trove of Valuable Metals. USGS fact sheet 3006-3097, 2006. Available online: pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3097/ (accessed July 2009) United States Geological Survey (USGS). Mineral Commodity Summary 2008. Available online: minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/ (accessed March 2009) Van der Voet, E. Substance from cradle to grave: development of a methodology for the analysis of substance flows through the economy and the environment of a region. Doctoral thesis, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1996 Van Schaik & Reuter 2004 Van Schaik, A.; Reuter, M.A. The optimization of end-of-life vehicle recycling in the European Union. JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 56(8), 2004: 39-47 Van Schaik & Reuter 2007 Van Schaik, A.; Reuter, M.A. The use of fuzzy rule models to link automotive design to recycling rate calculation. Minerals Engineering 20, 2007: 875-890 Van Schaik & Reuter 2009 Van Schaik, A.; Reuter, M.A. Modellhaftes Recycling [Model-like recycling]. RECYCLING Magazin 04, 2009: 26-29 Vancini 2000 Veit et al. 2002 Vancini, F. Strategic Waste Prevention – Reference Manual of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Paris, 2000 Veit, H.; De Pereira, C.; Bernardes, A. Using mechanical processing in recycling printed wiring boards. JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society 54(6), 2002: 45- 47
References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel 1994 Veldhuizen, H.; Sippel, B. Mining discarded electronics. Industry and Environment 17 (3), 1994: 7-11 WEEELABEX 2008 Wen et al. 2009 Widmer et al. 2005 Willems et al. 2006 Williams et al. 2008 Wissing 1995 WEEE Forum. FAQ on “WEEELABEX”, the WEEE Forum multiannual project aimed at laying down a set of European Standards with respect to collection, treatment, recovery, recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and monitoring the processing companies. 2008. Available online: www.weeeforum.org/doc/WEEELABEX_faq_rev1.pdf (accessed April 2009) Wen, L.; Lin, C.; Lee, S. Review of recycling performance indicators: A study on collection rate in Taiwan. Waste Management 29 (8), 2009: 2248-2256 Widmer, R.; Oswald-Krapf, H.; Sinha-Khetriwal, D.; Schnellmann, M.; Böni, H. Global perspectives on e-scrap. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25, 2005: 436–458 Willems, B.; Dewulf, W.; Duflou, J. R. Can large-scale disassembly be profitable? A linear programming approach to quantifying the turning point to make disassembly economically viable. International Journal of Production Research 44 (6), 2006: 1125–1146 Williams, E.; Kahhat, R.; Allenby, B.; Kavazanjian, E.; Kim, J.; Xu, M. Environmental, Social, and Economic Implications of Global Reuse and Recycling of Personal Computers. Environmental Science & Technology 42 (17), 2008: 6446-6454 Wissing, F.-J. Lösungskonzept der deutschen Elektroindustrie für die Verwertung und Entsorgung elektrotechnischer und elektronischer Geräte [Solution concept of the German electrical industry for the recycling and disposal of electrotechnical and electronic devices]. In: Schimmelpfeng, L.; Huber, R. (Hrsg.): Elektrik-, Elektronikschrott, Datenträgerentsorgung. Berlin: Springer, 1995 Witteveen+Bos 2008 Witteveen+Bos. Onderzoek naar complementaire afvalstromen voor e-waste in Nederland [Research on complementary e-waste streams in the Netherlands]. Breda, April 2008 Witzenhausen-Institut 2003 Witzenhausen-Institut (Herausgeber). Studie zu Elektro- und Elektronikschrott im Restmüll in Nordrhein-Westfalen [Investigation on electrical and electronic scrap in residual waste in North Rhine-Westphalia]. Witzenhausen-Institut für Abfall, Umwelt und Energie GmbH, Witzenhausen, 2003 Wuppertal Institute 2003 Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. Material intensity of materials, fuels, transport services. 2003. Available online: www.wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wibeitrag/MIT_v2.pdf (accessed February 2009) Yoo et al. 2009 Yoo, J.-M.; Jeong, J.; Yoo, K.; Lee, J.c.; Kim, W. Enrichment of the metallic components from waste printed circuit boards by a mechanical separation process using a stamp mill. Waste Management 29, 2009: 1132–1137 Yoshida 2005 Yoshida, A. China: the World’s Largest Recyclable Waste Importer. In: Kojima, M. International trade of recyclable resources in Asia. IDE Spot Survey No.29, 2005: 33-52 Yoshida et al. 2009 Yoshida, A.; Tasaki, T.; Terazono, A. Material flow analysis of used personal computers in Japan. Waste Management 29, 2009: 1602–1614 Zhang & Forssberg 1998 Zhang, S.; Forssberg, E. Mechanical recycling of electronics scrap - the current status and prospects. Waste Management & Research 16 (2), 1998: 119-128 ZVEI 2005 Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e.V.(ZVEI). Elektro- und Elektronik- Altgeräte - Mengen und Kosten [Electrical and electronic waste equipment – Quantities and costs]. Available online: www.zvei.de (accessed 2006)
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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Acknowledgements Here I would like
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Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
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Composition of the doctoral thesis
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4.1.1. Generation .................
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Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
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Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
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List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
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1. Introduction and objectives of t
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2. Background and definitions 23 Du
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2. Background and definitions 25 an
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2. Background and definitions 27 2.
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2. Background and definitions 33 Fi
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2. Background and definitions 35 2.
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2. Background and definitions 37 Th
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2. Background and definitions 41 ha
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2. Background and definitions 43 co
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2. Background and definitions 45 th
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2. Background and definitions 47 Re
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2. Background and definitions 49 So
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3. Method 51 Table 8 Groups of equi
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3. Method 53 Because many data on c
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3. Method 55 Equipment group Equipm
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3. Method 57 3.3.2. Data on materia
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3. Method 59 1. The visible hazardo
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3. Method 61 uncertainties were ent
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4. Data inventory 63 4. Data invent
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4. Data inventory 65 Table 11 shows
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4. Data inventory 67 The following
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4. Data inventory 69 average weight
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4. Data inventory 71 Collection cha
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4. Data inventory 73 Table 20 Repar
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4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
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4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
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4. Data inventory 79 The variation
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4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
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4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
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4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
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5. Quantification of the flows of g
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Page 99 and 100: 6. Discussion of the results of the
Page 109 and 110: 7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
Page 111 and 112: 7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
Page 113 and 114: 7. Recommendations 113 After collec
Page 115 and 116: 7. Recommendations 115 in the case
Page 117 and 118: 7. Recommendations 117 In many case
Page 119 and 120: 7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
Page 121 and 122: 7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
Page 123 and 124: 7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
Page 125 and 126: 8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
Page 127 and 128: References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
Page 129 and 130: References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
Page 131 and 132: References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
Page 133 and 134: References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
Page 135 and 136: References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
Page 137 and 138: References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
Page 139: References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
Page 143 and 144: References 143 Legislative texts Ba
Page 145 and 146: Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
Page 147 and 148: Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
Page 149 and 150: Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
Page 151 and 152: Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
Page 153 and 154: Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
Page 159 and 160: Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
Page 161 and 162: Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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