SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

120 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Subsystem Required data Uncertainty* Recommended methods for data collection Comment Reuse Quantity of sWEEE sent to reuse processes 30% Compilation of data from the reuse industry A computerised system to collect and compile the data from all the operators of reuse activities is needed (quantity of the input and destination of all output fractions) Reuse rates for precious metals (mass of PM in the reused devices divided by mass of PM in input) 10% Compilation of data from the reuse industry Periodical monitoring of the destination of the outputs Formal treatment Quantity of sWEEE sent to formal treatment processes 10% Compilation of data from the recycling industry A computerised system to collect and compile the data from all the operators of treatment activities is needed (quantity of the input and destination of all output fractions) Recovery rates for precious metals (mass of recovered PM divided by mass of PM in input) Germany: 10% USA: 20% Experimental monitoring of treatment processes Periodical monitoring of the concentration of precious metals in the outputs and of the destination of the outputs Informal treatment Quantity of sWEEE sent to informal treatment processes 20% Compilation of data on informal treatment of WEEE gathered through observations of the informal sector Research, in cooperation with the informal sector if possible, to quantify the flows and their destination Recovery rates for precious metals (mass of recovered PM divided by mass of PM in input) 10% Experimental monitoring of treatment processes * Variation coefficient (standard deviation divided by average) Monitoring of the concentration of precious metals in the outputs and of the destination of the outputs Regarding the average concentrations of precious metals in sWEEE, a clear lack of data could be identified. For example, no data is available on the precious metals in parts other than printed circuit boards. More representative data are needed on concentration of precious metals in the different equipment types (which definition needs to be standardised), as well as on the variations of the concentrations in time and space. The extrapolation of the uncertain data on concentration of precious metals spread uncertainties over the whole substance flow analysis. In addition to further analyses of sWEEE by research institutions,
7. Recommendations 121 the manufacturers of the EEE placed on market could provide data on the content of precious metals of their appliances. These data should be compiled in a systematic way to increase the reliability of the data for the conduct of future substance flow analyses. The generation estimates in this study were partly based on sales data that, for Germany, did not reach far enough in the past. Such datasets are traded by private companies and are very expensive, so that the majority of the research institutions cannot afford to buy them. A recommendation is to make such data available for non-commercial research projects. The use of mass units (besides the financial units) by collecting the data of the manufacturers would reduce the uncertainties. Moreover, further research on the behaviour of the users is necessary to develop better models to estimate the WEEE generation. The systematic and computerised collection of data on material flows in and out of the collection, reuse and treatment processes is recommended. In Germany so far, the data on collection of sWEEE is more reliable than the data related to the pre-processing and recovery processes, which are to a large extent not available. In the USA, some data on the flows of sWEEE entering the recycling industry are available, but no data on collection. To collect more reliable data, a close collaboration with the operators of facilities is required. The industry frequently tends to be protectionist and to avoid releasing data because they fear negative impacts on their businesses. Efforts can be made to convince them that such cooperation is useful and to ensure them that no harm will be done to their businesses (for example through the signing of confidentiality agreements). Tesar & Öhlinger (2009) conducted the work of compiling, analysing and publishing data on the flows of sWEEE in Austria and delivered an overview of current treatment practices. Similar methods to process systematically data on WEEE flows should be applied in other countries, in particular in Germany and in the USA. In addition, more experimental research is necessary to measure the ability of different treatment facilities to recover precious metals (see Paper 2). The investigations of further technologies would help understanding the behaviour of precious metals during preprocessing of WEEE. Monitoring periodically the flows of precious metals in the facilities is directly in the interest of the facility operators, for them to be aware of the losses caused by their treatment and to have a data basis to implement measures to reduce the losses. The development of standardised methods is required, in order to guarantee the representativeness and the reproducibility of the data collected. The clear definition of the responsibilities regarding the gathering, compilation and analysis of the data is essential for the success of the monitoring. Cooperation is necessary between manufacturers of EEE,
Page 1:
ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
Page 4 and 5:
Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8:
Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10:
Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12:
Composition of the doctoral thesis
Page 13 and 14:
4.1.1. Generation .................
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
Page 17 and 18:
Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
Page 19 and 20:
List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
Page 21 and 22:
1. Introduction and objectives of t
Page 23 and 24:
2. Background and definitions 23 Du
Page 25 and 26:
2. Background and definitions 25 an
Page 27 and 28:
2. Background and definitions 27 2.
Page 29 and 30:
2. Background and definitions 29 pu
Page 31 and 32:
2. Background and definitions 31 Ta
Page 33 and 34:
2. Background and definitions 33 Fi
Page 35 and 36:
2. Background and definitions 35 2.
Page 37 and 38:
2. Background and definitions 37 Th
Page 39 and 40:
2. Background and definitions 39 tr
Page 41 and 42:
2. Background and definitions 41 ha
Page 43 and 44:
2. Background and definitions 43 co
Page 45 and 46:
2. Background and definitions 45 th
Page 47 and 48:
2. Background and definitions 47 Re
Page 49 and 50:
2. Background and definitions 49 So
Page 51 and 52:
3. Method 51 Table 8 Groups of equi
Page 53 and 54:
3. Method 53 Because many data on c
Page 55 and 56:
3. Method 55 Equipment group Equipm
Page 57 and 58:
3. Method 57 3.3.2. Data on materia
Page 59 and 60:
3. Method 59 1. The visible hazardo
Page 61 and 62:
3. Method 61 uncertainties were ent
Page 63 and 64:
4. Data inventory 63 4. Data invent
Page 65 and 66:
4. Data inventory 65 Table 11 shows
Page 67 and 68:
4. Data inventory 67 The following
Page 69 and 70: 4. Data inventory 69 average weight
Page 71 and 72: 4. Data inventory 71 Collection cha
Page 73 and 74: 4. Data inventory 73 Table 20 Repar
Page 75 and 76: 4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
Page 77 and 78: 4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
Page 79 and 80: 4. Data inventory 79 The variation
Page 81 and 82: 4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
Page 83 and 84: 4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
Page 85 and 86: 4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
Page 87 and 88: 5. Quantification of the flows of g
Page 99 and 100: 6. Discussion of the results of the
Page 109 and 110: 7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
Page 111 and 112: 7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
Page 113 and 114: 7. Recommendations 113 After collec
Page 115 and 116: 7. Recommendations 115 in the case
Page 117 and 118: 7. Recommendations 117 In many case
Page 119: 7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
Page 123 and 124: 7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
Page 125 and 126: 8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
Page 127 and 128: References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
Page 129 and 130: References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
Page 131 and 132: References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
Page 133 and 134: References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
Page 135 and 136: References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
Page 137 and 138: References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
Page 139 and 140: References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
Page 141 and 142: References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
Page 143 and 144: References 143 Legislative texts Ba
Page 145 and 146: Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
Page 147 and 148: Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
Page 149 and 150: Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
Page 151 and 152: Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
Page 153 and 154: Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
Page 159 and 160: Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
Page 161 and 162: Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
show all

SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?