SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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76 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Table 24 Quantity of sWEEE reused in Germany in 2007 (in tonnes) Collection channel Clearing house EAR Public waste management authorities Informal sector Others Total Mobile telephone 56 0 5 5 66 Desktop personal computer 439 4 500 50 992 CRT monitor 1 279 11 2 500 50 3 840 Large high-grade equipment 407 5 1 500 50 1 962 Small high-grade equipment 7 1 5 5 17 Low-grade equipment 1 088 88 5 000 150 6 326 In the USA, no distinction is made between reuse of EEE and reuse of WEEE neither in the legislation nor in the industrial practice, so that the data have to be selected and used cautiously. Concerning mobile phones, ReCellular (2008) reported that around half of the mobile phones they collected were reused, either within the USA or abroad. The Northeast Recycling Council (NERC 2003) published data on computer-related products reused in 34 for-profit and non-profit organisations in the Northeast of the USA (Table 25), without distinguishing reuse of EEE and of WEEE. The IAER (2006) reports that 31% of the output from the recycling industry is equipment for reuse and 16% are parts for reuse (around 508 000 and 263 000 tonnes in 2007 respectively). Table 25 Outgoing products sold or donated in the Northeast in tonnes (NERC 2003) Keyboard Nonprofit Forprofit CPU Monitor /CRT Laptop TV Hard Drive CD Drive Disk Drive Mother -board Other Total 311 40 1324 4 113 0.40 0.41 0.48 0.48 1794 734 35 1463 36 225 0.05 0.05 0 125 240 2857 Total 1045 75 2787 40 338 0.45 0.46 0.48 125.48 240 4651 These data were combined with assumptions to obtain the results presented in Table 26, which include both reused devices and reused parts. The uncertainties of these results and on the results presented in Table 24 are very high, so that the variation coefficient was assumed to amount to 30%.
4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (including whole equipment and parts) reused in 2007 in the USA (tonnes) Group Reused sWEEE Mobile telephone 800 Desktop personal computer 70 000 CRT monitor 100 000 Large high-grade equipment 100 000 Small high-grade equipment 1 000 Low-grade equipment 5 000 It is assumed that 90% of the mass of sWEEE entering a reuse process is actually reused. The remaining 10% are non-reusable parts that are sent to treatment (5% to formal and 5% to informal treatment). The concentration of precious metals is assumed to be identical in the reused and in the non-reused parts. 4.1.4. Treatment 4.1.4.1. Material flows to formal and informal treatment The first analysis of the material flows in the treatment subsystem involves distinguishing the flows to the formal and informal treatment. Very few data are available on the material flows in input of the recycling facilities of the formal sector in Germany (Bolland 2009). The informal sector can be located outside or inside Germany: Quantitative data on illegal export of WEEE out of Germany for treatment through the informal sector located outside of Germany were published by Buchert et al. (2007). According to these authors, a client of a shipping company reported that he exports 100 000 PC-monitors per month from Hamburg harbour to Asia, which corresponds to a material flow of around 12 000 tonnes a year (Janz et al. 2009a). Very likely, sWEEE generated in Germany is also exported from other harbours in Germany and in the neighbouring countries. Sander & Schilling (2009) analysed statistical data on export of WEEE and of second-hand EEE from the harbour of Hamburg in Germany, but various weaknesses in the methods used to collect these data prevented the research groups from quantifying the flows. The existence of informal treatment not only in developing countries, but also inside Germany was reported by Faulstich & Baron (2008), Friege et al. (2008) and Schönekerl (2009). These authors mentioned that in some cities, over 50% of the most valuable parts of sWEEE (for instance printed circuit boards and copper-rich parts) are frequently stolen by non-identified persons before the sWEEE reaches the treatment facilities of the formal sector.
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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Acknowledgements Here I would like
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Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
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Composition of the doctoral thesis
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4.1.1. Generation .................
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Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
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Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
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List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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