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SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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Abstract<br />

The demand for precious metals by manufacturers <strong>of</strong> <strong>electrical</strong> and electronic equipment has<br />

increased significantly over <strong>the</strong> past few years. Although precious metal concentrations in<br />

appliances are very low, <strong>the</strong>se metals have a high economic and environmental relevance<br />

compared to o<strong>the</strong>r substances present at much higher levels (for example iron, copper,<br />

plastics).<br />

This <strong>the</strong>sis aims at describing and quantifying <strong>the</strong> <strong>flow</strong>s <strong>of</strong> <strong>small</strong> <strong>waste</strong> <strong>electrical</strong> and<br />

electronic equipment (sWEEE) in Germany and in <strong>the</strong> USA for <strong>the</strong> year 2007, as well as <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>flow</strong>s <strong>of</strong> gold and palladium associated with <strong>the</strong> sWEEE. Although collection systems have<br />

been set up, in many cases sWEEE is not collected separately for <strong>recycling</strong> but instead is<br />

disposed <strong>of</strong>. Regarding treatment <strong>of</strong> sWEEE, <strong>the</strong> model differentiates between reuse and<br />

treatments carried out by <strong>the</strong> formal and informal sector (including illegal export <strong>of</strong> sWEEE).<br />

The material <strong>flow</strong>s were quantified based on a combination <strong>of</strong> expansive experimental<br />

investigations and a review <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relevant literature. The results revealed that, in 2007,<br />

370 000 to 430 000 tonnes <strong>of</strong> sWEEE were generated in Germany, containing 1.9 to 2.4<br />

tonnes <strong>of</strong> gold and 580 to 720 kg <strong>of</strong> palladium. In <strong>the</strong> USA, 26 to 36 tonnes <strong>of</strong> gold and 9 to<br />

12 tonnes <strong>of</strong> palladium were contained in <strong>the</strong> 3.1 to 4.3 million tonnes <strong>of</strong> sWEEE generated<br />

in 2007. In Germany, <strong>the</strong> collection rates are much higher (77% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generated sWEEE is<br />

collected) than in <strong>the</strong> USA (30%). In <strong>the</strong> USA, 6% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generated sWEEE is reused,<br />

whereas in Germany <strong>the</strong> reuse rate amounts to 3%. 72% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gold contained in <strong>the</strong> sWEEE<br />

was discarded in Germany and <strong>the</strong>refore lost for <strong>the</strong> <strong>recycling</strong> economy. The discarding rate<br />

is around 75% for <strong>the</strong> USA. The economic value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> discarded gold and palladium in 2007<br />

amounted to 34 to 44 million US-dollars in Germany and 466 to 714 million US-dollars in <strong>the</strong><br />

USA.<br />

In conclusion, <strong>the</strong> <strong>recycling</strong> infrastructures in Germany and in <strong>the</strong> USA do not allow an<br />

efficient recovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> precious metals. The losses are caused by <strong>the</strong> non-separated<br />

collection <strong>of</strong> sWEEE and by inappropriate treatment, for instance during pre-processing. The<br />

characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different types <strong>of</strong> sWEEE considerably influence <strong>the</strong> recovery <strong>of</strong><br />

precious metals. This has to be considered by developing strategies to improve it. Besides<br />

<strong>the</strong> recommendations how to improve <strong>the</strong> system, some suggestions to improve <strong>the</strong> data<br />

collection for <strong>the</strong> conduction <strong>of</strong> fur<strong>the</strong>r substance <strong>flow</strong> analyses were formulated. The applied<br />

methodology can be used to assess <strong>waste</strong> management systems and develop improvement<br />

strategies. The method is not only useful for assessing <strong>the</strong> recovery <strong>of</strong> valuable substances<br />

as presented in this <strong>the</strong>sis, but in a more general way allows a quantitative <strong>analysis</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

destination <strong>of</strong> substances fed into a <strong>waste</strong> management system.<br />

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