SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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80 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE processed in a facility of type ‘mechanical 2’, whereas the remaining 24% is pre-processed manually. 26% of collection group 5 is pre-processed manually, 25% in facilities of type ‘mechanical 1’ and 49% in facilities of type ‘mechanical 2’. Table 28 presents the assumed distribution of the sWEEE over the four kinds of pre-processing facilities in 2007, as well as assumptions on the recovery rates for precious metals achieved by the three types of preprocessing facilities. The assumptions are based on the results of experimental substance flow analyses conducted in pre-processing facilities for sWEEE. Chancerel & Rotter (2008b) investigated a manual dismantling process and estimated that around 82% of the gold contained in sWEEE of collection group 3 is sent directly to a precious-metals recovery process. The remaining gold is either sent to further mechanical pre-processing or sent to plastic recycling and lost. It is assumed that in total, pre-processing through manual dismantling allows the recovery of 90% of the gold and palladium. The results have the same order of magnitude as the results of Meskers et al. (2009), who investigated only personal computers. Van Schaik & Reuter (2009) mentioned recovery rates of 15% for gold in a shredding facility that can be assumed to be of type ‘mechanical 1’. The results presented in Paper 2 showed that around 24% of gold and palladium are recovered in a German facility of type ‘mechanical 2’. Meskers et al. (2009) conducted similar experimental investigations in another facility using another type of technology, and considering only personal computers. Much higher recovery rates (70%) were determined by Meskers et al. (2009) compared to the results of Paper 2, probably due to the use of another liberation technology and the homogeneity of the input material (only PCs) compared to the input mix considered in Paper 2. All these investigations are restricted to a certain facility at a certain time for a certain input material. The limitations regarding representativeness of the studies cause high uncertainties by the extrapolation of the data to the whole subsystem ‘pre-processing of sWEEE’ in Germany. However, these experimental results are the only available data. Because personal computers are sometimes dismantled manually in ‘mechanical 2’ facilities, an average recovery rate of 50% was assumed. Regarding CRT monitors, observations showed that in Germany the printed circuit boards are usually removed manually (Bolland 2009). Afterwards, they are usually treated mechanically to separate the iron and the aluminium from the precious metals and the copper-rich materials. This mechanical treatment leads to losses of precious metals that have, so far, not been quantified by experimental investigations. An overall recovery rate for gold from CRT monitors of 60% was assumed.
4. Data inventory 81 Due to the limited available data, the recovery rates for gold were assumed to be equal to the recovery rates for palladium. This was the case in the results of Paper 2. Table 28 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved in 2007 by the pre-processing technologies used for formal treatment in Germany (PP= pre-processing; Mech.= Mechanical) Distribution of the sWEEE over the process types (modified from Bolland 2009) Treatment type No PP Manual Mech. 1 Mech. 2 Recovery rate of types of pre-processing Manual Mech. 1 Mech. 2 Total recovery rate of preprocessing Mobile telephone 40% 10% 50% 90% 24% 61% Desktop personal computer 24% 76% 90% 50% 60% CRT monitor 24% 76% 60% 1 60% 1 60% Large high-grade equipment Small high-grade equipment 24% 76% 90% 24% 40% 24% 76% 90% 24% 40% Low-grade equipment 26% 25% 49% 50% 15% 24% 29% 1 including mechanical treatment of the separated printed circuit boards, which is widely used after after all kinds of pre-processing including manual pre-processing Quantitative data are not available on the types of pre-processing technologies used in the USA. Some visits to facilities and publications like the article of Koehnlechner (2008) showed that on average, the operators of recycling facilities were more aware of the economic relevance of precious metals in sWEEE, at least in 2007, than the operators of facilities in Germany. Moreover, the pre-processing facilities in the USA receive a more homogeneous waste material for treatment than in Germany, because the sWEEE does not have to be classified in collection groups like required in Germany by the ElektroG. For these reasons, the recovery rates for gold and palladium in the USA were estimated to be higher than in Germany. The estimates are presented in Table 29. Table 29 Recovery rates for gold and palladium achieved in 2007 by the pre-processing technologies used for formal treatment in the USA Treatment type Total recovery rate of pre-processing Mobile telephone 75% Desktop personal computer 75% CRT monitor 60% Large high-grade equipment Small high-grade equipment 50% 50% Low-grade equipment 30%
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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Acknowledgements Here I would like
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Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
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Composition of the doctoral thesis
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4.1.1. Generation .................
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Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
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Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
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List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
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Page 125 and 126: 8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
Page 127 and 128: References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
Page 129 and 130: References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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