SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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26 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Categories (WEEE Directive) 2. Small household appliances 5. Lighting equipment 6. Electrical and electronic tools 7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment 9. Monitoring and control instruments Rate of recovery (by average weight) Component, material and substance reuse and recycling Recovery (incl. energy recovery) 50 % 70 % The recovery targets are defined as a percentage of the weight of the input WEEE. To calculate the recovery rates, the producers must report the quantities and categories of electrical and electronic equipment put on their national market, collected through all routes, reused, recycled and recovered, and exported. In the proposal for the revision of WEEE Directive, it is planned to increase all the recovery targets by 5% (COM 2008). In the review process, the research groups of Bogaert et al. (2008), Huisman et al. (2007), IPTS (2006), Sander et al. (2007) published recommendations to improve the WEEE Directive. The European Commission received during the open consultation 168 responses from stakeholders, among others member states, non-governmental organisations, producers of EEE, consumers, retail and distribution sector, municipalities, treatment operators, recyclers and recovery operators, producer responsibility organisations and national producer registers (COM 2008). A summary of the opinions is publicly available on the internet (CIRCA 2008). Regarding export of WEEE, the European Union is a signatory of the Basel Convention (1989) of the United Nations. Among other things, the Basel Convention prohibits exports that violate national import prohibitions, and exports or imports of hazardous waste without prior consent. Moreover, the Waste Shipment Regulation (WSR, Regulation EC 1013/2006) prohibits any export of hazardous waste to or through a non-OECD, non-EU country. An orange list requires notification and consent. The WSR is completed by the Revised Correspondents' Guidelines N°1 on Shipments of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. These guidelines are not legally binding and “represent the common understanding of all Member States on how Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 should be interpreted”. The guidelines provide a list of characteristics of EEE that are likely to indicate whether the exported material is WEEE or EEE, and a categorization of the different types of materials relating to WEEE subject to the WSR regulations.
2. Background and definitions 27 2.2.2. German legislation The Act Governing the Sale, Return and Environmentally Sound Disposal of Electrical and Electronic Equipment of 16 March 2005 (ElektroG) transposed the European WEEE Directive into German legislation. The producer responsibility defined by the ElektroG is a shared responsibility (Rotter et al. 2008), since the producers are responsible for taking back and treating WEEE, whereas public waste management authorities (municipalities) provide free of charge the collected equipment for pick-up by the producers. According to Section 9 (6) of ElektroG, public waste management authorities can also choose not to make the WEEE available for pick-up. At municipal collection facilities in Germany, WEEE has to be collected in the following five collection groups: 1. Large household appliances and automatic dispensers 2. Refrigerators and freezers 3. IT and telecommunications equipment and consumer equipment 4. Gas-discharge lamps 5. Small household appliances, lighting equipment, electric and electronic tools, toys, sports and leisure equipment, medical products, monitoring and control instruments. SWEEE as defined in this thesis belongs to the collection groups 3 and 5. In addition to the municipal collection scheme, producers may choose to set up and operate individual or collective take-back systems for WEEE from private households. In this case, the producer has to cover all additional costs of collection. Retailers may voluntarily accept returned WEEE and transport it to the producer or the municipal collection facilities. In accordance with section 6 of ElektroG, the producers set up a clearing house, the foundation Elektro-Altgeräte Register (EAR). The clearing house serves as a national register for producers, a coordinating body for container pick-up (allocation of responsibilities) and collects the data reported by producers on quantities of WEEE collected and treated to submit them to the Federal Environmental Agency (‘Umweltbundesamt’). Figure 2 illustrates the flows of WEEE and of information between municipalities, clearing house, producers and recyclers. Bilitewski et al. (2008), Gallenkemper et al. (2008), Prelle (2008), Rhein et al. (2008), Rhein et al. (2008b) and Rotter et al. (2008) discussed various aspects related to the practical implementation of the regulations of the ElektroG. The studies report practical difficulties related to a fair distribution of the financial responsibility over the producers.
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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