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48 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Table 7 Studies reporting quantitative data on the flows of precious metals related to the management of WEEE Metal Reference Geographical boundaries Considered systems related to WEEE Silver Lanzano et al. 2006 Europe Rough assumption of the quantity of silver in WEEE Johnson et al. 2005b 64 countries, 9 world and of the recycling rates at regions, world large scale Johnson et al. 2005a Asia Gold Keller 2006 Bangalore, India ‘Backyard recycling’ processes for gold recovery from printed circuit boards Platinumgroup metals Several precious metals Van Schaik & Reuter 2009 Pre-processing facilities in the Netherlands Mechanical pre-processing of WEEE Hagelüken et al. 2005 Germany From collection to final refining Saurat & Bringezu 2008 Europe Output of the use phase, exports, collection, processing and recycling of WEEE Babakina & Graedel 2005 Russia Platinum in WEEE, which “does not contribute a considerable amount” Deubzer 2007 World From collection to final refining Meskers et al. 2009 Pre-processing facilities in Europe Comparison of manual dismantling and mechanical pre-processing Shirahase et al. 2007 Japan Flows of gold and palladium associated with waste personal computers According to estimations of Hagelüken et al. (2005), 37.6% of the platinum-group metals contained in WEEE are recovered in Germany. 50% is lost through insufficient collection, 10% through pre-processing, 2% through copper-smelter and 0.4% through final refining. Saurat & Bringezu (2008) reported that 13 945 of the 22 563 kg (around 62%) of the platinum-group metals contained in electronics in Europe were recycled in 2004. Deubzer (2007) assumed that the worldwide recycling rates for gold, palladium and silver are 7% for low and medium grade WEEE, and 9% for high-grade WEEE. Van Schaik & Reuter (2009) described a model developed to predict the quality of the output materials of recycling processes, which was calibrated through extensive experimental work. They found that only around 15% of the gold is recovered in pre-processing facilities using size reduction. The detailed results of the experiments are not publicly available. Other experimental investigations to assess the recovery of precious metals in pre-processing facilities were conducted by Meskers et al. (2009).
2. Background and definitions 49 Some of the studies listed in Table 7 had very large system boundaries and used very rough assumptions to estimate the flows of WEEE. Johnson et al. (2005b), for example, quantified silver in WEEE based on an approximation of the amount of silver contained in the circuit boards of discarded electrical and electronic equipment as 0.2% of the circuit boards by weight. These assumptions are accompanied by high uncertainties, as a consequence of the gap of data on flows of WEEE, as emphasized by various authors (Bertram et al. 2002; Reck et al. 2008). The data gaps and the different assumptions that had to be made also explain the diverging results. More research is, therefore, needed to bring quantitative findings on cycles of precious metals and to support the development of strategies for reducing the losses of precious metals related to WEEE management.
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Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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