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24 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Small WEEE (sWEEE) is defined in this thesis as the WEEE belonging to categories ‘small household appliances’, ‘IT and telecommunications equipment’, ‘consumer equipment’, ‘electrical and electronic tools’ and ‘toys, leisure and sports equipment’ of the WEEE Directive (categories 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7). 2.1.3. Objectives of WEEE management End-of-life management of WEEE serves the following goals (Huisman et al. 2004): Reduction of materials going to landfill, and minimization of landfill-volumes. Recycling of materials in order to keep the maximum economic and environmental value and to avoid new material extraction. Reduction of emissions of environmentally relevant substances, for example through leaching from landfill sites, incineration slags and off-gases from combustion processes. These objectives are partly interlinked (Huisman et al. 2004). From a broader point of view, WEEE management aims at reducing environmental impacts by “developing a society that learns to balance rapid technological evolution with responsible product/material management” (Kahhat et al. 2008). Meadows et al. (2004) refer to separating and recycling materials after the use phase as a “step toward sustainability”, where materials are moved “through the human economy the way they move through nature – in closed cycles”. 2.2. Legislation Both in Germany and in the USA, legislation came into effect to define and achieve objectives related to the management of WEEE. 2.2.1. European legislation The member states of the European Union had to comply by 13 August 2004 with the Directive 2002/96/EC of the European parliament and of the council on waste electrical and electronic equipment, also called the WEEE Directive. The objectives of the WEEE Directive are to reduce the consumption of natural resources through recycling and to prevent the pollution caused by inappropriate treatment of WEEE. In this context, the WEEE Directive requires the implementation of the principle of producer responsibility, making the manufacturers of EEE responsible for financing operations concerning WEEE management. In addition, the WEEE Directive stipulates that the design
2. Background and definitions 25 and production of electrical and electronic equipment which take into account and facilitate dismantling and recovery should be encouraged (section 4). The general concept of producer responsibility for WEEE was discussed by Davis (1998), Lindhqvist & Lifset (2003), and OECD (2001). Clift & France (2006), Sander et al. (2007), and Schill (2007) analysed the implementation of the principle of producer responsibility in the European Union. The analyses showed that the producer responsibility permits financing WEEE management but does not create incentives for design-for-recycling because of the large number of EEE producers and of different products. The WEEE Directive sets up targets for collection (section 5) and treatment (sections 6 and 7). The “member states shall adopt appropriate measures in order to minimise the disposal of WEEE as unsorted municipal waste” and shall “ensure that a rate of separate collection of at least four kilograms on average per capita per year of WEEE from private households is achieved”. During the review process of the WEEE Directive in 2008, it was proposed to modify the collection target and make it depend on the weight of the EEE sold on the national market. In the coming years, producers or third parties could have to achieve a minimum collection rate of 65% of the weight of the EEE placed on the market in the two preceding years (COM 2008), instead of having to collect 4 kg of WEEE per capita and year. According to the WEEE Directive, the member states have to set up systems to provide for the treatment of WEEE using best available treatment, recovery and recycling techniques. Any establishment or undertaking carrying out treatment operations has to obtain a permit. Annex II defines requirements for selective treatment of some substances, preparations and components (for example cathode ray tubes, components containing mercury, batteries, printed circuit boards with a surface area greater than 10 square centimetres). The targets for recovery for the ten categories of WEEE are listed in section 7 of the WEEE Directive (Table 1). Table 1 Targets for recovery according to section 7 of the WEEE Directive Categories (WEEE Directive) 1. Large household appliances 10. Automatic dispensers 3. IT and telecommunications equipment 4. Consumer equipment Rate of recovery (by average weight) Component, material and substance reuse and recycling 5. Lighting equipment 80 % Recovery (incl. energy recovery) 75 % 80 % 65 % 80 %
Page 1: ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
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4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
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4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
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4. Data inventory 79 The variation
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4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
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4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
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4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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