SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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28 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE WEEE Municipal collection point Municipalities report full container Clearing House EAR Recycler / service provider picks up the container Clearing house calculates according to section 14 (6) of ElektroG which producer is responsible for container pick-up Recycler Producer contracts recycler / service provider for container pick-up Producer Treatment Figure 2 Flows of WEEE and information between municipalities, clearing house, producers and recyclers Germany, as a member state of the European Union, has to comply with the export regulations of the Basel Convention and of the Waste Shipment Regulation. 2.2.3. Legislation in the United States To date, there is no federal legislation in the USA directly addressing collection and recycling of WEEE. The USA implemented various legal requirements on waste management that apply on WEEE. The principle one is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA contained in United States Code Title 42 §§6901-6992) governing the disposal of solid and hazardous waste. Other waste management regulations are administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and codified in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations parts 239-282. Colour cathode-ray tubes (CRT) computer monitors, colour CRT TV sets are specifically addressed by the CRT rule. CRTs and smaller items such as cell phones are rated as “hazardous” under federal law under some conditions. For example, they are not “hazardous waste” if they are generated by households, or by businesses and other organizations that send less than 100 kilograms of hazardous waste per month for disposal (US EPA 2009). The need for federal legislation has been discussed for many years in the US (BAN 2002; Computer TakeBack 2009; GAO 2008; Kahhat et al. 2008). The USA did not sign the Basel Convention or implement legislations on export of WEEE. In 2008, nineteen states and New York City had passed a law or bill related to WEEE (Computer TakeBack 2009). Eighteen states and New York City implemented producer responsibility laws covering between 3 and 16 types of equipment (monitors, computers, laptops, and TV sets are covered by the majority of the state legislations). In 2005, California implemented a consumer fee law, where the consumers pay an ‘Advanced Recycling Fee’ at
2. Background and definitions 29 purchase that goes to the state and is used to finance recycling and collecting operators. Five states implemented targets for collection (based on market shares in New York and in Minnesota) and nine states ban some types of WEEE (mainly cathode-ray tubes) from landfills. Another eleven states are expected to introduce bills in 2009 (Computer TakeBack 2009). 2.3. WEEE and precious metals As a consequence of continuous modifications of function and design of appliances, WEEE contains a highly heterogeneous mix of materials. Essential constituents of much EEE include precious metals (gold, silver, palladium) and special metals (indium, selenium, tellurium, tantalum, bismuth, antimony) (Behrendt et al. 2007; Hagelüken 2006a). 2.3.1. Precious metals Precious metals (PM) include gold, silver and the platinum-group metals (PGM): platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. All precious metals belong to the transition elements. Precious metals are characterised by high economic value, beauty and particular chemical and physical properties, i.e. low electron affinity, high resistance to corrosion and high density (Hagelüken et al. 2005). Precious metals are all electrochemically noble metals (Renner et al. 2001), which means that their standard reduction-oxidation potential has a positive value. Silver has the highest electrical conductivity, the highest thermal conductivity, and the lowest electrical contact resistance of all metals (Brumby et al. 2008). Table 2 summarizes the properties of some precious metals. Table 2 Properties of the precious metals gold, silver, palladium and platinum Gold Au Silver Ag Palladium Pd Platinum Pt Atomic number 79 47 46 78 Atomic mass 196.96654 107.8682 106.42 195.08 Melting point 1064.43 °C 961.9 °C 1554 °C 1772 °C Boiling point 2808 °C 2212 °C 2970 °C 3827 °C Density at 20 19.32 g.cm -3 10.49 g.cm -3 12.02 g.cm -3 21.45 g.cm -3 Electrical resistivity at 0 2.06 .cm 1.465 .cm 9.725 .cm 9.825 .cm Thermal conductivity at 0 Average price in 2007 1 21 701 US-$ per kg 314 W.m K 418 W.m K 75 W.m K 73 W.m K 431 US-$ per kg 11 574 US-$ per kg 40 509 US-$ per kg World mine 2500 t 20 500 t 232 t 230 t production in 2007 1 Reserve base 1 90 000 t 570 000 t 80 000 t (including all PGM) 1 USGS 2008
Page 1: ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
Page 13 and 14: 4.1.1. Generation .................
Page 15 and 16: Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
Page 17 and 18: Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
Page 19 and 20: List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
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4. Data inventory 79 The variation
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4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
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4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
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4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
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5. Quantification of the flows of g
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6. Discussion of the results of the
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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