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62 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE Subsystem Indicator Formula Treatment Formal treatment rate Informal treatment rate Precious metal recovery Recovery rate for precious metals M M M M M M FT G IT G PM.R PM,G Discarding rate for precious metals M M PM.D PM,G With: M G : Mass of generated sWEEE M C : Mass of collected sWEEE M RU : Mass of reused sWEEE M FT : Mass of sWEEE fed into formal treatment processes M IT : Mass of sWEEE fed into informal treatment processes M PM,G : Mass of precious metal (gold or palladium) in the generated sWEEE M PM,G : Mass of recovered precious metal M PM,G : Mass of discarded precious metal
4. Data inventory 63 4. Data inventory In this chapter, the origin of the data and the assumptions used to quantify the flows of sWEEE in the different subsystems and the concentration of gold and palladium in sWEEE are described. 4.1. Quantification of the flows related to sWEEE 4.1.1. Generation Three methods were selected to carry out estimates of the WEEE generation: ‘simple delay’, ‘distribution delay’ and ‘batch leaching’ (see chapter 2.4.1). Data on historic sales volumes, penetration rates in households and businesses, average lifetimes and average weights of the different equipment types were needed to estimate the WEEE generation with these methods. Some previous studies, like EEA (2002), US EPA (2007a; 2008) and Huisman et al. (2007) published estimates of the generation of WEEE. Because the underlying assumptions and the geographical boundaries of their estimates differ from the ones used in this thesis, the results from these studies could not be used. 4.1.1.1. Sources of data To estimate the WEEE generation, data reporting the sales volumes over at least the past 20 years are required, due to the long lifetimes of some equipment types. Some public institutions like the German Federal Statistical Office Destatis, the US Census Bureau and the statistical office of the European Union Eurostat make some sales data publicly available. However, sales data are primarily provided by private market research institutes like Gartner, IDC, the Consumer Electronics Association, Inform or the European Information Technology Observatory (EITO). The data is usually a part of market studies designed for the manufacturing industry. Financial units (for example revenues from sales in million dollars) are often used, so that some conversions are needed for a material flow analysis, where mass units are required. If the data is available in financial units, additional information or assumptions on the average sales price of a device are necessary to convert the financial flows into flows in units of devices. These flows can then be converted into mass flows by multiplying by the average weight of the devices. Since both the average price and the average weight differ depending on the equipment type, each equipment type has to be considered separately. The high price of the private market studies did not allow a direct access to the full studies, but the historic sales data are partially published in other studies. For example, US EPA (2008) makes data available on sales of televisions, mobile phones and computer-related
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
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Acknowledgements Here I would like
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Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
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Page 19 and 20: List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
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Page 51 and 52: 3. Method 51 Table 8 Groups of equi
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Page 57 and 58: 3. Method 57 3.3.2. Data on materia
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Page 67 and 68: 4. Data inventory 67 The following
Page 69 and 70: 4. Data inventory 69 average weight
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Page 75 and 76: 4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
Page 77 and 78: 4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
Page 79 and 80: 4. Data inventory 79 The variation
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Page 85 and 86: 4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
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Page 111 and 112: 7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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