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56 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE between equipment types with different functions, but also between single appliances within one equipment type. If no data on the average concentration of precious metals in the equipment groups was directly available, quantifying the concentration of precious metals in the different equipment groups in 2007 requires data at the following information levels (see hierarchy illustrated in Figure 11): (1) The types of equipment contained in the equipment groups (mass-based breakdown), (2) The average material composition of the equipment types and (3) The average precious metals concentration in the different equipment types. The average concentration of precious metals in the devices was calculated by assuming that the precious metals in sWEEE can only be found in printed circuit boards. Precious metals may be contained in other parts like connectors, contacts, cables and solders (Gmünder 2007; Hagelüken 2006a), but no quantitative data are available regarding the precious metals contained in these components. The following formula was used: c PM,G n T1 c PM,PCB,T M G M With: c PM,G : mean concentration of precious metal in the equipment group G c PM,PCB,T : mean concentration of precious metal in the printed circuit boards of equipment type T M T : mass of devices of equipment type T (belonging to equipment group G) generated in 2007 M G : total mass of devices of equipment group G generated in 2007 T The estimation of the mean concentrations of precious metals does not take into consideration the temporal and spatial variations of the characteristics of sWEEE. These variations are originated by technological changes (for example implementation of new nanotechnologies in EEE), market changes or legislative requirements, like experienced since 2006 in the European Union through the implementation of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, which restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of EEE. Since not enough data is available on the characteristics of WEEE in 2007 and in the investigated regions (Germany and USA), the results of characterisation studies conducted in other periods and at other locations had to be considered.
3. Method 57 3.3.2. Data on material and substance flows Reuter et al. (2005) observed that the data to conduct SFA are sometimes hardly available, and must be obtained from very heterogeneous sources. Two approaches are possible to quantify the flows entering and leaving a system: either all the input and output flows are quantified independently from each others, or transfer coefficients are determined to quantify how the input of the subsystem is distributed over the outputs. On a case-by-case basis depending on the processes and on the available data, both approaches were combined or an approach was preferred to the other one. Five subsystems, in which flows of sWEEE and of precious metals occur, can be distinguished (Table 8): Generation Collection Reuse Formal treatment Informal treatment If previous research works already gathered and published data on the material flows or on the transfer coefficients in one or various subsystems, these results were taken into consideration. Some experimental investigations were carried out to quantify material flows for which no data is available in the literature. The information that was still missing was then gathered through observations, interviews and estimates. The quality of all these data was assessed by quantifying uncertainties (see 3.3.3). 3.3.2.1. Literature review An extensive review of the available data on the flows of sWEEE in Germany and in the USA was carried out. The data made available by other studies were integrated in this research as far as possible, considering the following challenges related to the data consistency: The definition of equipment groups and of sWEEE: if the material flows are defined in another way than in this investigation, the data had to be “adapted” to provide data on flows of sWEEE as defined in this thesis; The considered processes, which are not always defined as in Table 9; The geographical system boundaries, because some investigations focussed on other regions (for example only one state in Germany or in the USA); The temporal system boundaries, because previous studies usually mapped the flows of sWEEE in years previous to 2007. Some pragmatic assumptions or adaptations were needed to apply the data to conduct the SFA. Chapter 4 explains on a case-by-case basis the assumptions that were made to integrate the data from the literature into this investigation.
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ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
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Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
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Page 69 and 70: 4. Data inventory 69 average weight
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6. Discussion of the results of the
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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