SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

46 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE 2.5. Mapping metal flows related to WEEE 2.5.1. Substance flow analyses in previous studies Material flow analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within a system defined in time and space (Brunner & Rechberger 2004). The term material stands both for chemical substances and goods, where ‘goods’ are mixtures of substances that have economic values assigned by markets (Brunner & Rechberger 2004). A substance flow analysis (SFA), which aims at tracking substances within a system, is a specific kind of MFA. The historic background and a detailed overview of the concepts of MFA and SFA are available in Brunner & Rechberger (2004), Van der Voet (1996) and Udo de Haes et al. (2000). EEA (2002) provided a four-step method based on SFA to calculate emissions of dangerous substances and materials (mercury, lead, cadmium and persistent organic pollutants) from WEEE treatment. Loeschau (2006) differentiates the regional approach and the life-cycle approach to define system boundaries of analyses of waste management systems (Figure 8). The regional approach focuses on the flows of waste that are generated, collected and treated in a region, which means that the waste treated in another region is not considered. The life-cycle approach follows the waste from generation to the last steps of the waste management, even though some waste management processes do not take place in the region. In this case, the waste treated in the region but generated outside the region is not considered. For sustainable waste management, the life-cycle approach (called ‘end-of-life recycling approach’ by Heinrich (2007)) makes sense, because negative impacts of the waste should be minimized regardless of the place where these impacts occur (Loeschau 2006). Life-cycle thinking is required for waste policy (COM 2005) and, therefore, for research aiming at providing data for policy-making.
2. Background and definitions 47 Regional approach Life-cycle approach System boundaries Waste management region Not considered Waste generation Waste processing Sinks Figure 8 Definition of system boundaries according to the regional and the life-cycle approaches for material flow analysis of waste management systems (Loeschau 2006) 2.5.2. Literature review Extensive general studies on the flows of materials related to WEEE management in different regions of the world have been published by Hischier et al. (2005), Huisman et al. (2007), Kahhat et al. (2008), ICER (2005), Oguchi et al. (2008), Tesar & Öhlinger (2009), Terazono & Yoshida (2008), Terazono et al. (2006), Widmer et al. (2005), Witteveen+Bos (2008) and Yoshida et al. (2009) among others. The substance flows related to WEEE have been investigated by various authors. Morf & Taverna (2004) analysed the substance flows in a Swiss pre-processing facility for WEEE. Based on a sample of 230 tonnes of WEEE, some base and heavy metals, chlorine, bromine, potassium, polychlorinated biphenyl and brominated flame retardants were tracked from the entrance to the exit of the facility. Streicher-Porte et al. (2005) carried out a material flow analysis of the recycling of personal computers in Delhi. Bertram et al. (2002) investigated the flows of copper in the European waste management subsystem, considering explicitly WEEE. Huisman (2003, 2004) evaluated the environmental performance of various recycling scenarios for several equipment types considering the final destination of hazardous and valuable substances. Some authors focussed especially on the quantification of flows of precious metals related to WEEE (Table 7).
Page 1: ITU-Schriftenreihe, 2010 Institut f
Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
Page 13 and 14: 4.1.1. Generation .................
Page 15 and 16: Figure 25 Flows of gold and palladi
Page 17 and 18: Table 26 Quantity of sWEEE (includi
Page 19 and 20: List of abbreviations Ag Au BAT CE
Page 21 and 22: 1. Introduction and objectives of t
Page 23 and 24: 2. Background and definitions 23 Du
Page 25 and 26: 2. Background and definitions 25 an
Page 27 and 28: 2. Background and definitions 27 2.
Page 29 and 30: 2. Background and definitions 29 pu
Page 31 and 32: 2. Background and definitions 31 Ta
Page 33 and 34: 2. Background and definitions 33 Fi
Page 35 and 36: 2. Background and definitions 35 2.
Page 37 and 38: 2. Background and definitions 37 Th
Page 39 and 40: 2. Background and definitions 39 tr
Page 41 and 42: 2. Background and definitions 41 ha
Page 43 and 44: 2. Background and definitions 43 co
Page 45: 2. Background and definitions 45 th
Page 49 and 50: 2. Background and definitions 49 So
Page 51 and 52: 3. Method 51 Table 8 Groups of equi
Page 53 and 54: 3. Method 53 Because many data on c
Page 55 and 56: 3. Method 55 Equipment group Equipm
Page 57 and 58: 3. Method 57 3.3.2. Data on materia
Page 59 and 60: 3. Method 59 1. The visible hazardo
Page 61 and 62: 3. Method 61 uncertainties were ent
Page 63 and 64: 4. Data inventory 63 4. Data invent
Page 65 and 66: 4. Data inventory 65 Table 11 shows
Page 67 and 68: 4. Data inventory 67 The following
Page 69 and 70: 4. Data inventory 69 average weight
Page 71 and 72: 4. Data inventory 71 Collection cha
Page 73 and 74: 4. Data inventory 73 Table 20 Repar
Page 75 and 76: 4. Data inventory 75 was applied to
Page 77 and 78: 4. Data inventory 77 Table 26 Quant
Page 79 and 80: 4. Data inventory 79 The variation
Page 81 and 82: 4. Data inventory 81 Due to the lim
Page 83 and 84: 4. Data inventory 83 apparent gold.
Page 85 and 86: 4. Data inventory 85 Table 33 Avera
Page 87 and 88: 5. Quantification of the flows of g
Page 97 and 98:
5. Quantification of the flows of g
Page 99 and 100:
6. Discussion of the results of the
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
Page 111 and 112:
7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
Page 113 and 114:
7. Recommendations 113 After collec
Page 115 and 116:
7. Recommendations 115 in the case
Page 117 and 118:
7. Recommendations 117 In many case
Page 119 and 120:
7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
Page 121 and 122:
7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
Page 123 and 124:
7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
Page 125 and 126:
8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
Page 127 and 128:
References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
Page 129 and 130:
References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
Page 131 and 132:
References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
Page 133 and 134:
References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
Page 135 and 136:
References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
Page 137 and 138:
References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
Page 139 and 140:
References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
Page 141 and 142:
References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
Page 143 and 144:
References 143 Legislative texts Ba
Page 145 and 146:
Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
Page 147 and 148:
Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
Page 149 and 150:
Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
Page 151 and 152:
Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
Page 153 and 154:
Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
Page 161 and 162:
Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
show all

SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?