SUbstance flow analysis of the recycling of small waste electrical ...

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44 Substance flow analysis of the recycling of small WEEE is conducted to develop processes to recover the precious metals contained in bottom ashes of incinerators for municipal solid waste (Bakker et al. 2007). The implementation of these processes would allow the recovery of some precious metals contained in the sWEEE incinerated in waste-to-energy facilities. 2.4.4.3. Informal treatment of WEEE The research conducted by EERA (2008), Friege et al. (2008), Janz et al. (2009a), Rhein & Meyer (2009) and Sander & Schilling (2009) aimed at identifying the sinks from which WEEE can leave the formal management system to enter the informal sector. These sinks can be classified into the following categories: 1. Diversion of generated WEEE before collection 2. Diversion of generated WEEE during or after collection and before treatment 3. Diversion of generated WEEE during or after treatment Figure 6 illustrates the possible channels, which include informal waste collection and the illegal trading of WEEE and of valuable or hazardous parts of WEEE. So far, very few quantitative data are available on these material flows. Processrelated losses Generated WEEE Separated collection Reuse, pre-processing, recovery, disposal Secondary raw materials Possible channels to divert WEEE to the informal sector: Waste and “cherry” picking at the collection facility or during transport of WEEE Second-hand market / Charity / Repair facilities Informal waste collection in cooperation with the last user Collection of other waste like bulky waste Illegal trading activities in cooperation with the operators of the facilities Figure 6 Possible channels for the WEEE to leave the formal management system and enter the informal sector Many different geographical destinations are possible for the WEEE that entered the informal sector. BAN (2002; 2005), GAO (2008), Greenpeace (2005), Manomaivibool (2009), Osibanjo & Nnorom (2007), Sepúlveda et al. (2010), Sinha-Khetriwal et al. (2005), Terazono et al. (2006), Toxics Link (2003), Williams et al. (2008) and Yoshida (2005) reported that developed countries export WEEE to developing countries, where it is processed in a way causing harm to the human health and to the environment. According to BAN (2005), about 45% of the WEEE imported in Nigeria comes from Europe, 45% from the USA, while the remaining 10% were from other locations such as Japan and Israel. In the USA, 74% of the output materials of the electronics recycling industry are exported (IAER 2006). According to
2. Background and definitions 45 the US EPA (2008), approximately 97 500 metric tonnes of CRT monitors and TVs collected for recycling were exported out of the USA in 2005. Despite the legislation, also WEEE generated in Germany is exported to developing countries, as reported by Buchert et al. (2007), DUH (2006), Faulstich & Baron (2008) and Janz et al. (2009a). Broehl-Kerner (2008), ICER (2004), UNEP (2005) and DUH (2006) reported that the WEEE is often supposedly exported as ‘articles of trade’ or as ‘charity’ for re-use. Anyway, up to 75% of these materials are non-functional or irreparable (BAN 2005). UNEP (2005) depicted the flows of WEEE from Europe and North America shipped to Asia for recycling (Figure 7). According to Terazono (2008), the destination of the WEEE imported in Asia changed in 2007. In 2007, China received less WEEE than in 2006 and Vietnam and Philippines became the principal end destinations of the exported WEEE. Figure 7 Major exporters and receivers of WEEE in 2005 (UNEP 2005; designer: Philippe Rekacewicz)
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Page 4 and 5: Bibliografische Information Der Deu
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements Here I would like
Page 9 and 10: Kurzfassung Die Nachfrage nach Edel
Page 11 and 12: Composition of the doctoral thesis
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5. Quantification of the flows of g
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5. Quantification of the flows of g
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7. Recommendations 109 7. Recommend
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7. Recommendations 111 WEEE contai
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7. Recommendations 113 After collec
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7. Recommendations 115 in the case
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7. Recommendations 117 In many case
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7. Recommendations 119 manufacturer
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7. Recommendations 121 the manufact
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7. Recommendations 123 Reuter et al
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8. Conclusion 125 All the equipment
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References 127 Binder 2007 BITKOM 2
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References 129 CIWMB 2004b Clift &
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References 131 Greenpeace 2005 Gree
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References 133 Janz & Bilitewski 20
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References 135 Melissen 2006 Mesker
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References 137 Rhein et al. 2008 Rh
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References 139 StEP 2009 Stevels 20
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References 141 Veldhuizen & Sippel
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References 143 Legislative texts Ba
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Appendices 145 Appendix 1 Equipment
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Appendices 147 Appendix 2 Average c
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Appendices 149 Appendix 4 Past and
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Appendices 151 Eq. group Equipment
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Appendices 153 2 Assumptions based
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Appendices 159 Appendix 8 Flows of
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Appendices 161 Appendix 10 Flows of
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