monitoring
monitoring
monitoring
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
UNCLASSIFIED<br />
DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD | DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE<br />
The signatories of nuclear arms control or arms reductions agreements, joined by all of the<br />
nuclear weapons‐possessing nations, would collectively and mutually negotiate the procedures,<br />
frequencies, prohibitions, etc. for carrying out materials and weapons transparency<br />
measures/inspections protecting against the spread of nuclear weapons expertise to NNWS.<br />
The ideal outcome would be agreement that the results of these inspections would be<br />
delivered to the IAEA as part of its routine <strong>monitoring</strong> and shared with all nations worldwide.<br />
The Task Force believes that progress through Phase 4 will have a positive effect on worldwide<br />
arms stability as well as strengthen non‐proliferation efforts. With everyone having a stake in<br />
the transparency processes coming into existence and successfully working, it might then be<br />
possible to require mandatory compliance for any holdout nations. The culmination of all of<br />
these efforts would be the achievement of a Cooperative Universal Transparency regime that<br />
would operate to ensure <strong>monitoring</strong> and verification of all nuclear weapons as well as<br />
inventories of SNM—over the whole world.<br />
2.5. Developing New Monitoring Technologies to Support Expanded Demands<br />
Cooperative <strong>monitoring</strong> has inherent limitations but offers unique benefits. Because<br />
inspections protocols are shared, the potential for deception and countermeasures is obvious.<br />
However, access rights afforded an international or multilateral inspectorate can extend well<br />
beyond those feasible by other means. As information gathering is done in the open, platforms<br />
that might be wholly impractical in a denied access context become feasible. Persistent<br />
surveillance opportunities are also expanded. The technical solutions pursued for cooperative<br />
<strong>monitoring</strong> must not infringe upon national technical capabilities, but the different design space<br />
and relaxed operational requirements can open up useful <strong>monitoring</strong> opportunities. Weapon<br />
design information must be protected and legitimate proprietary interests must be protected.<br />
Information barriers that allow reliable conclusions to be drawn by an inspecting party, while<br />
protecting design information and legitimate proprietary interests, must be developed and<br />
utilized. 18<br />
Research and development, ideally undertaken in partnership with other nuclear weapons and<br />
NNWS, along with the IAEA, must address several challenges, and in every case, take advantage<br />
of advances in information technologies. Priority should be placed on:<br />
• Information Barriers. Information barriers that provide robust protection against<br />
unauthorized disclosures of sensitive information must be demonstrated. An ongoing<br />
level of effort is needed because vulnerabilities change over time as technology<br />
advances. More work is needed to ensure that the confidence required in a warhead<br />
verification measurement can be attained when such a barrier is employed.<br />
18 These issues have also been recognized by the State Department’s International Security Advisory Board (ISAB),<br />
and near term technical steps for trust building with Russia proposed. See ISAB report “Verification Measures ‐<br />
Near Term Technical Steps,” 2012; http://www.state.gov/t/avc/isab/200465.htm<br />
DSB TASK FORCE REPORT Chapter 2: Cooperative Regimes| 27<br />
Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat<br />
UNCLASSIFIED