Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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Note: There are 160 and 180 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant at least at 90 percent level of significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. Table – 5.6 AKHUWAT – Business Assets Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Monthly Sale [Rs.] Active Borrowers 16425.63 24327.233 -.521 .603 New and Non-Borrowers 17655.22 19090.896 Value of Assets - Shop/Workshop Active Borrowers 33876.88 139085.496 -.436 .663 New and Non-Borrowers 43542.78 247704.709 Machinery Active Borrowers 4346.25 13594.093 -.872 .384 New and Non-Borrowers 7421.67 42701.646 Instruments Active Borrowers 3260.31 23963.757 1.260 .208 New and Non-Borrowers 987.22 3189.806 Other Active Borrowers 2250.00 10711.922 -.092 .926 New and Non-Borrowers 2366.11 12284.710 Note: There are 160 and 180 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. Table – 5.7 AKHUWAT – Women’s Empowerment Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Economic Empowerment Score out of 14 Active Borrowers 8.1452 3.59803 .520 .604 New and Non-Borrowers 7.7500 2.66145 Income Empowerment Score out of 5 Active Borrowers 2.4516 1.21030 .203 .840 New and Non-Borrowers 2.3929 1.39680 Assets Empowerment Score out of 8 Active Borrowers 1.4839 1.58623 -.043 .965 New and Non-Borrowers 1.5000 1.73205 Empowerment Related with Education and Health Active Borrowers Score out of 10 6.8710 3.20084 -.555 .580 New and Non-Borrowers 7.2500 2.48886 Social Empowerment Score out of 10 Active Borrowers 4.5161 2.07042 .473 .638 New and Non-Borrowers 4.2857 2.29100 17
Note: There are 160 and 180 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. 5.3 Regression Analysis There are weaknesses in using bivariate analysis, as we do above, since it does not allow us to examine the nature of the impact, and hence, we use multivariate regression analysis, which allows us to look at impact controlling for other related variables. These two sets of analysis also explain why we often get contradictory findings. The impact model estimated for Akhuwat is Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ + T ij δ +v ij Where Y ij is an outcome on which we measure impact for household i in locality j, X ij is a vector of household characteristics 6 , C ij is a dummy equal to 1 for active borrowers and their matched neighbours and 0 otherwise, M ij is a membership dummy variable equal to 1 if household i self-selects into the credit programme, and 0 otherwise; and T ij is a variable to capture the treatment effects on households that self selected themselves into the programme and are already accessing loans. T is also a dummy variable equal to 1 for active borrowers and 0 otherwise. Apart from this a loan cycle dummy has also been added for those respondents who are in their second loan cycle to see the marginal impact of microfinance after the first year of borrowing. The coefficient δ on T ij is the main parameter of interest and measures the average impact of the programme. A positive and significant δ would indicate that microfinance is having a beneficial effect on the borrowers. A Single Difference equation is also estimated to assess impact between active borrowers and the pipeline clients. The form of the equation is as follows and the variables are defined as stated above. Y ij = X ij α + T ij δ +v ij The results from the estimation of δ are given in Table 5.8. The majority of the results in our regressions were insignificant. One of the variables in DID estimation on which we find a significant positive effect is household income for active borrowers (17%, p=0.07). This result is also validated by single difference estimation (13%, p=0.047) and implies that active borrowers have higher household income as compared to other respondents. Another result that is significant in DID estimation is for food expenditure, active borrowers spend 16% more on food than other categories of respondents (p=0.06). 6 For Akhuwat seven household characteristics were included in the regression out of 15 tested through ANOVA. 18
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Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
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indicators which are more difficult
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• Since Asasah has been in operat
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Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
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and economic change in their surrou
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development. NRSP's mandate is to h
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Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
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clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
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Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
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Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
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7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
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microfinance operations. This ordin
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and not other services such as savi
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elow. While we examined the traditi
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Ideally, baseline studies and panel
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members of these organizations are
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Microfinance Branch District/City I
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factor. For this survey, the sample
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loans and might have increased cons
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Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
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insufficient resources. Furthermore
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Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
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for SBF, two in Lahore and one in K
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to Regional Managers as the organiz
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undertake thorough research which e
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According to Asasah the only time a
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Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
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Borrower’, is that client who has
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Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
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orrowers spend less on education by
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Jewellery and livestock were genera
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Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
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A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
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Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
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Table - A.3.2.9 Child Education [AS
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Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
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Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
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Page 79 and 80: Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
Page 81 and 82: Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
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Page 87 and 88: • Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
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Page 91 and 92: CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
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Page 95 and 96: Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
Page 97 and 98: difference, we found that active bo
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Page 101 and 102: Term/D uration Loan size improveme
Page 103 and 104: Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
Page 105 and 106: Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
Page 107 and 108: Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
Page 109 and 110: Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
Page 111 and 112: Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
Page 113 and 114: which also became the head office.
Page 115 and 116: problem of group lending is that me
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Page 119 and 120: activities with other NGOs and Soci
Page 121 and 122: 5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
Page 123 and 124: are also working on a marketing pla
Page 125 and 126: We first discuss results based on t
Page 127: New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
Page 131 and 132: From these results we can judge tha
Page 133 and 134: Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
Page 135 and 136: Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
Page 137 and 138: Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
Page 139 and 140: Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
Page 141 and 142: Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
Page 147 and 148: Table - A. 5.2.25 Borrowers’ Perc
Page 149 and 150: Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
Page 151 and 152: in the contextual needs of the comm
Page 153 and 154: 6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
Page 155 and 156: Other filters related to the specif
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Page 159 and 160: have been chosen from ‘old/establ
Page 161 and 162: School Going Children - Boys % Acti
Page 163 and 164: The Difference in Differences (DID)
Page 165 and 166: Table 1: Regression results Young B
Page 167 and 168: • Participants were also not very
Page 169 and 170: Impact on Quality of Life & Social
Page 171 and 172: Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
Page 173 and 174: Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
Page 175 and 176: Table - A. 6.2.7 Housing Characteri
Page 177 and 178: Table - A. 6.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 6.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 6.2.25 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 6.2.29 Non-Borrowers’
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Table - A. 7.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
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Do you operate Bank account in your
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Spouse without your suggestion .6 3
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No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Appendix A.7.3 UPAP Institutional B
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Table - A.7. 4.4 Respondent Charact
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Table - A.7. 4.9 Child Education [U
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Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Table - A.7. 4.17 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.20 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.23 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A.7. 4.27 Non-Borrower’s
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Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
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were introduced at several levels a
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Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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issues are in the social theme book
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usiness address, attest to experien
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the learning centre has been set up
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development and undertaken market s
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information has not been integrated
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Table 8. 2 Financing Sources: Septe
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We first discuss results based on t
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Table - 8.7 KASHF - Business Charac
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The results from the estimation of
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A total of three focus group discus
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The positive impact of the credit w
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Appendix Chapter 8 A.8.1.1 Institut
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54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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A.8.1.5: GESA Activities Initiative
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Table - A.8.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 8.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 8.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 8.2.22 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A. 8.2.27 Non-Borrowers’
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Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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are necessary for impact to take pl
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Another finding from the survey sug
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of the microfinance sector in Pakis
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Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
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1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
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Section 4a - All Respondents File:
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Section 4b - All Respondents File:
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Section 5b - All Respondents File:
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Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Page is left intentionally blank Qu
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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