Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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consists of ‘borrowers-to-be’, non-borrowers from project area and non-borrowers from new designated project areas or similar non-project areas. Ideally under the best conditions for the purposes of our Study, we wanted to include in our sample those new or Pipeline Borrowers who had been accepted as likely and potential new clients by the MFI and whose applications had been accepted, but had not been granted a loan as yet. However, we found that in the case of all our MFIs, the application procedure, approval of the loan and the disbursement of the loan, all took just a few days, or a couple of weeks at most, and this did not allow us to capture ‘pure’ new Pipeline Borrowers. Hence, we had to opt for those borrowers who had very recently been granted a loan. The statistically optimal sample size depends on the desired effect size (e.g., a 10 percent increase in income), the variance of the outcome, and the tolerance for error in assigning statistical significance to the change in outcome. Outcomes in microfinance evaluations can be both continuous (e.g., change in income) and binary (e.g., P 1 , the probability of no longer being below the poverty line). Using binary outcomes can be easier since the variance [(P 1 ) (1-P 1 )] is entirely determined mathematically from the mean. The variance is ideally applied in sample size determination by information available from other surveys (or pilot surveys) that have been conducted in a similar setting. Unfortunately, it is difficult to find out a systematic study in the Pakistani context showing the mean and variances of various microfinance impact indictors. Therefore, in the absence of any prior value or judgment regarding the variance of any impact indicator, it is best to choose a value of 0.5 for P 1 . This is recommended because the variance of indicators that are measured as proportions reach their maximum as they approach 0.5. This will ensure an adequate sample size irrespective of what the actual value of P 1 is. Nonetheless, this may also result in samples that are larger than needed in the event that the actual value of P 1 is very different from 0.5. Based on standard parameters of a 95 percent level of significance (Z α =1.645) and 80 percent power (Z β = 0.84) and assuming a variance 0.25 and 10 percent of tolerance error, a sample of 154 emerges from the following formula. n = (Z α+ Z β )[σ 2 /δ 2 ] However, it was decided to enumerate 90 respondents for the Control Group from each selected MFI branch (project area). The Control Group includes 30 new borrowers or accepted borrowers (Pipeline Borrowers), 30 Non-Borrowers from same (project) area and 30 Non-Borrowers from project designated new area or project-similar area. For comparison, a sample of 80 borrowers (Treatment Group) was drawn, whom we have called ‘Active Borrowers’. Thus a total of 170 respondents were chosen from each MFI selected branch – see Table below. In order to ensure that the target sample size for the survey was reached, allowances for non-response and non-traceability are usually made during the calculation of sample sizes. This normally involves increasing the sample size by a non-response insurance 13
factor. For this survey, the sample was drawn with the allowance of 20 percent. The realized sample information is provided in the following table. Table – 2.1 Study Sample Respondent Category Borrowers Non-Borrowers Number of Branches Regular New Same New Areas Areas Overall Sample 20 3393 1597 588 601 607 Microfinance Institutions OCT 1 170 81 29 30 30 SAFWCO 3 505 241 85 89 90 Akhuwat 2 340 160 60 60 60 Asasah 3 510 237 92 90 91 Kashf 3 510 239 91 90 90 NRSP 4 680 324 108 118 130 UPAP 4 678 315 123 124 116 In order to understand the questionnaire, a three day comprehensive training programme was given to all enumerators and their Supervisors, first in Karachi, and then later at each city/area where the survey was held. Each section of the questionnaire was studied for clarification of the questions. After this training session, for better understanding and practice, the enumerators were given two blank questionnaires to be filled from two borrowers of MFIs in their areas and were asked to return the next day. The filled questionnaires were evaluated and marked, and the mistakes/misunderstandings during the interviews identified. Once again, with the help of slides, the Trainers went through the complete questionnaire and clarified the questions. Once they had complete understanding of the questionnaire, each enumerator was asked to interview another enumerator. In this way, they had far greater understanding and fluency about the questions. The enumerators who performed the best in the training sessions, were then selected. Each set of teams conducting the survey, had at least one woman enumerator. This process was followed through in Karachi and at all other locations where the survey was conducted. Once the locations/Branches had been identified and selected, each MFI was requested to provide a full client list with loan cycle for that Branch. Following the sampling process explained above, we selected the respondents and their ‘neighbour’ for the survey. In most cases, each team of surveyors went to the homes of the identified respondents and 14
Page 1 and 2: Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
Page 3 and 4: indicators which are more difficult
Page 5 and 6: • Since Asasah has been in operat
Page 7 and 8: Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
Page 9 and 10: and economic change in their surrou
Page 11 and 12: development. NRSP's mandate is to h
Page 13 and 14: Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
Page 15 and 16: clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
Page 17 and 18: Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
Page 19 and 20: Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
Page 21 and 22: 7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
Page 23 and 24: microfinance operations. This ordin
Page 25 and 26: and not other services such as savi
Page 27 and 28: elow. While we examined the traditi
Page 29 and 30: Ideally, baseline studies and panel
Page 31 and 32: members of these organizations are
Page 33: Microfinance Branch District/City I
Page 37 and 38: loans and might have increased cons
Page 39 and 40: Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
Page 41 and 42: insufficient resources. Furthermore
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
Page 45 and 46: for SBF, two in Lahore and one in K
Page 47 and 48: to Regional Managers as the organiz
Page 49 and 50: undertake thorough research which e
Page 51 and 52: According to Asasah the only time a
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
Page 55 and 56: Borrower’, is that client who has
Page 57 and 58: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 59 and 60: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 61 and 62: orrowers spend less on education by
Page 63 and 64: Jewellery and livestock were genera
Page 65 and 66: Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
Page 67 and 68: A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
Page 69 and 70: Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
Page 71 and 72: Table - A.3.2.9 Child Education [AS
Page 73 and 74: Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
Page 75 and 76: Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
Page 77 and 78: Table - A.3.2.20 Women’s Empowerm
Page 79 and 80: Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
Page 81 and 82: Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
Page 83 and 84: Chapter Four: Orangi Charitable Tru
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these, as many as 7,301 units are c
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• Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
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guarantees of two local entrepreneu
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CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
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MFIs claim. Hence, its criteria and
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Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
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difference, we found that active bo
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mainly because they don’t have to
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Term/D uration Loan size improveme
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Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
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Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
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Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
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Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
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which also became the head office.
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problem of group lending is that me
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uy insurance, which covers the risk
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activities with other NGOs and Soci
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5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
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are also working on a marketing pla
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We first discuss results based on t
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New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
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Note: There are 160 and 180 respond
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From these results we can judge tha
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Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
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Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
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in the contextual needs of the comm
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6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
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Other filters related to the specif
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management reveal the significance
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have been chosen from ‘old/establ
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School Going Children - Boys % Acti
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The Difference in Differences (DID)
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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• Participants were also not very
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Impact on Quality of Life & Social
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Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
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Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
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Do you operate Bank account in your
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Spouse without your suggestion .6 3
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No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Appendix A.7.3 UPAP Institutional B
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Table - A.7. 4.4 Respondent Charact
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Table - A.7. 4.9 Child Education [U
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Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Table - A.7. 4.17 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.20 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.23 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A.7. 4.27 Non-Borrower’s
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Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
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were introduced at several levels a
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Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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issues are in the social theme book
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usiness address, attest to experien
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the learning centre has been set up
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development and undertaken market s
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information has not been integrated
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Table 8. 2 Financing Sources: Septe
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We first discuss results based on t
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Note: There are 239 and 271 respond
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Table - 8.7 KASHF - Business Charac
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The results from the estimation of
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A total of three focus group discus
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The positive impact of the credit w
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Appendix Chapter 8 A.8.1.1 Institut
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54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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A.8.1.5: GESA Activities Initiative
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Table - A.8.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 8.2.22 Borrowers - Loan
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Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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are necessary for impact to take pl
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Another finding from the survey sug
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of the microfinance sector in Pakis
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Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
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1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
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Section 4a - All Respondents File:
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Section 4b - All Respondents File:
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Section 5b - All Respondents File:
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Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Page is left intentionally blank Qu
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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___________________________________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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