Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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concerned with poverty alleviation, but also entrepreneurial and economic development, individual lending; Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Coordination Organization (SAFWCO), rural, Sindh, poverty alleviation and income earning focus; Kashf, Lahore, urban, peri-urban, exclusively women, poverty alleviation, gender empowerment, economic security; National Rural Support Programme (NRSP), the largest rural support programme in every province of the country, multi-sectoral with microfinance being one of its important, though not exclusive, activities – we look at the NRSP microfinance programme in the Punjab and Sindh, as well as the NRSP’s Urban Poverty Alleviation Project (UPAP); Akhuwat, urban, Punjab, an Islamic microfinance provider, based on the zero-interest principle; finally Asasah was chosen, which is a Lahore-based MFI and is different from the others because its financing structure represents fully commercial funding. Hence, we had in our selection of MFPs, institutions from Sindh and the Punjab; MFPs which undertook group lending and those which lent to individuals; those that lent only to women and those that did not discriminate on the basis of gender; MFIs which claimed that they charged no interest and those which charged a considerable rate of interest; rural and urban based MFIs; and, multi-development institutions and specialised microcredit providers. What we do not have in our category, is a microfinance bank. Given the criteria that were specified in the Terms of Reference for the selection of the MFIs for the Study, only two banks were eligible, viz., Khushhali Bank and the First Microfinance Bank. We decided not to approach Khushhali Bank since they had recently been subject to a huge impact evaluation (Montgomery, 2005) and hence were suffering from ‘evaluation/assessment fatigue’. We approached the First Microfinance Bank, who turned our request down and showed their inability to join the Study. Hence, sadly, we do not have a microfinance bank as a partner in this Study. It is important to state and highlight the fact, that all the six institutions who agreed to participate in this Study, did so completely voluntarily. They agreed to open up their offices, their records and gave us unprecedented and complete access to their staff and clients. Their willingness to be part of this Study and their full cooperation with the Team, reflects very highly on the maturity and confidence that members of the microfinance sector in Pakistan have about their programmes. 2.4 Study Sample At the first stage of sampling, the following branches (groups of persons with homogenous socio-economic characteristics) from each microfinance institution were chosen purposely, depending upon the scale of operation, geographical coverage of institution, time constraint and logistics. 11
Microfinance Branch District/City Institutions OCT Orangi Town Karachi SAFWCO Shahdadpur – Urban Shahdadpur – Rural Bhit Shah Shahdadpur Shahdadpur Matiari Akhuwat Township Lahore Asasah Kashf NRSP UPAP Data Darbar Yadgar Kot Radhakishan Raiwind Karim Park Kahana Chunnian Chakwal Doltala Bhundi Hasilpur Noorani Basti Bazarta Line Dhok Ratta Muslim Colony Lahore Lahore Lahore Raiwind Lahore Lahore Kasoor Chakwal Gujer Khan Rahim Yar Khan Bhawalpur Karachi Karachi Rawalpindi Islamabad At the second stage, regular borrowers were selected randomly from the MFI record of open cases. It was decided to include all borrowers who had obtained loans during January 2005 and April 2006 and were paying loan instalments. After compilation of data obtained from the MFI, randomization software (www.randomizer.org) was used to draw the sample of active borrowers. A valid control group is the holy grail of any microfinance impact assessment and must have participants who possess the same ‘entrepreneurial spirit’ as those in the treatment group that receive the loans. One way is to take new entrants in the MFI programme as the Control Group, whereas the veteran participants with two or more years experience with the MFI are considered to be the Treatment Group. The methodology then attributes any difference between these groups to the MFI, since the new entrants have received little or no treatment from the MFI, but the veterans have received two or more years of loans. This study considers accepted borrowers-to-be (Pipeline Borrowers) as a part of the Control Group. Accepted borrowers, who either have not yet received the loan or received the loan after April 2006, were compiled from the MFI data and a random sample was drawn. To avoid ‘contamination’ and ‘locational’ biases, non-borrowers were also chosen both from the project area and from non-project (similar) areas. The randomwalk method was adopted to select non-borrowers. Thus, the control group of the study 12
Page 1 and 2: Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
Page 3 and 4: indicators which are more difficult
Page 5 and 6: • Since Asasah has been in operat
Page 7 and 8: Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
Page 9 and 10: and economic change in their surrou
Page 11 and 12: development. NRSP's mandate is to h
Page 13 and 14: Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
Page 15 and 16: clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
Page 17 and 18: Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
Page 19 and 20: Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
Page 21 and 22: 7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
Page 23 and 24: microfinance operations. This ordin
Page 25 and 26: and not other services such as savi
Page 27 and 28: elow. While we examined the traditi
Page 29 and 30: Ideally, baseline studies and panel
Page 31: members of these organizations are
Page 35 and 36: factor. For this survey, the sample
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
Page 41 and 42: insufficient resources. Furthermore
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
Page 45 and 46: for SBF, two in Lahore and one in K
Page 47 and 48: to Regional Managers as the organiz
Page 49 and 50: undertake thorough research which e
Page 51 and 52: According to Asasah the only time a
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
Page 55 and 56: Borrower’, is that client who has
Page 57 and 58: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 59 and 60: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 61 and 62: orrowers spend less on education by
Page 63 and 64: Jewellery and livestock were genera
Page 65 and 66: Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
Page 67 and 68: A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
Page 69 and 70: Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
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Page 73 and 74: Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
Page 75 and 76: Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
Page 77 and 78: Table - A.3.2.20 Women’s Empowerm
Page 79 and 80: Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
Page 81 and 82: Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
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Chapter Four: Orangi Charitable Tru
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these, as many as 7,301 units are c
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• Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
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guarantees of two local entrepreneu
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CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
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MFIs claim. Hence, its criteria and
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Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
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difference, we found that active bo
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mainly because they don’t have to
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Term/D uration Loan size improveme
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Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
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Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
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Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
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Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
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which also became the head office.
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problem of group lending is that me
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uy insurance, which covers the risk
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activities with other NGOs and Soci
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5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
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are also working on a marketing pla
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We first discuss results based on t
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New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
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Note: There are 160 and 180 respond
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From these results we can judge tha
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Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
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Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
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in the contextual needs of the comm
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6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
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Other filters related to the specif
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management reveal the significance
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have been chosen from ‘old/establ
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School Going Children - Boys % Acti
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The Difference in Differences (DID)
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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• Participants were also not very
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Impact on Quality of Life & Social
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Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
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Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
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Do you operate Bank account in your
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Spouse without your suggestion .6 3
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No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Appendix A.7.3 UPAP Institutional B
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Table - A.7. 4.4 Respondent Charact
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Table - A.7. 4.9 Child Education [U
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Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Table - A.7. 4.17 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.20 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.23 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A.7. 4.27 Non-Borrower’s
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Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
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were introduced at several levels a
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Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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issues are in the social theme book
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usiness address, attest to experien
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the learning centre has been set up
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development and undertaken market s
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information has not been integrated
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Table 8. 2 Financing Sources: Septe
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We first discuss results based on t
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Note: There are 239 and 271 respond
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Table - 8.7 KASHF - Business Charac
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The results from the estimation of
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A total of three focus group discus
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The positive impact of the credit w
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Appendix Chapter 8 A.8.1.1 Institut
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54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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A.8.1.5: GESA Activities Initiative
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Table - A.8.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 8.2.22 Borrowers - Loan
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Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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are necessary for impact to take pl
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Another finding from the survey sug
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of the microfinance sector in Pakis
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Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
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1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
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Section 4a - All Respondents File:
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Section 4b - All Respondents File:
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Section 5b - All Respondents File:
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Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Page is left intentionally blank Qu
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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___________________________________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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