Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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independent research studies to be carried out on its project’s efficiency and effectiveness. There have been several research based publications on the OCT programmatic directions and its impact. The thorough documentation of portfolio and strategy changes as well as lessons learned and the regular progress reports, provide tangible evidence of the prevalent research culture. 4.2 Survey Results In this section we present the results from our survey for OCT. The results are based on the data collected on the basis of the questionnaire – see Appendix of the Report. A select few of the results are presented here in table form, in the main text of this Chapter, while the substantial majority of tables are presented in the Appendix to the Chapter. The Appendix to this Chapter contains the largely ‘descriptive’ tables and results, while the tables which are part of the text in this Chapter, are the more ‘analytical’ tables. In the Appendix to this Chapter, there are far more tables than those on which we offer comments in the text. Many of these tables are simply informative and so we do not discuss them in the Chapter. They are being provided for the reader’s own interest and perusal. Only the more interesting, striking or pertinent results and tables from the Appendix are discussed in the text. As we show in Chapter 2, the survey was conducted across four types of populations for the purposes of the Study. Two of the categories are ‘clients’ or ‘borrowers’, while the other two are ‘non-clients’. In the borrower/client category, there are two types of clients, the ‘Active Borrowers’ and the ‘Pipeline Borrowers’. The former category that of ‘Active Borrower’, is that client who has been in the programme of the MFI for longer than ten months; s/he may have been a client for some years in their nth loan cycle or may have even been a client in their first year. ‘Pipeline Borrowers’ are classified as those new clients who had joined the programme of the MFI a few months – usually between 1-4 months – of the start of our survey. There are also two categories of ‘Non-Borrowers’, one which are selected from the neighbourhood of the old Active Borrowers, and the other from the neighbourhood of Pipeline Borrowers. Ideally, and in the best case possible, the Active Borrower and the Pipeline Borrower (and their neighbours) should have been chosen from ‘old/established’ areas where the MFI has been working for some years, and ‘new’ areas where they are about to enter and identify and enlist clients. However, in many cases this was not possible since most MFIs did not have exclusively ‘new’ areas identified, and we were forced to take Active Borrowers and Pipeline Borrowers, and both sets of their neighbours, from the same locality/area. Nevertheless, this does not undermine our results which are presented in this Section. In some cases we present results where we compare the Active Borrower with Pipeline Borrowers, and in some cases we compare both Active Borrowers and Pipeline Borrowers with the two combined categories of neighbours, that of Non-Borrowers. OCT is the only MFI in our sample which is largely male client oriented. It also has other characteristics which are dissimilar to other MFIs, as the Institutional Review above suggests, particularly that it is not in the business of poverty alleviation, as most other 10
MFIs claim. Hence, its criteria and standards are different as well. Table A.4.2.4 in the Appendix suggests that most of OCT’s clients are in the Business Retail Shop profession, and many of the Non-Borrowers move from the category of Technical Service Provider and Personal Community Service Provider to those who own Businesses or set-up some sort of Cottage Industry. This suggests that credit is a constraint to entrepreneurs who, once they receive the loan, may want to set up different sorts of economic enterprises since their credit-constraint may have been released. There does not seem to be much significant difference in the Housing characteristics of Borrowers and Non-Borrowers, except that the proportion of Borrowers owning their own houses is much larger and significant than the other the categories – Table 4.1 and A.4.12.6-7. Table 4.2, moreover, also suggests that the increased Income Per Capita of Borrowers is significant as is Household Asset Score. The difference in Children’s Education, not surprisingly, is not significant – Table 4.3. Table – 4.1 OCT – Housing Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level House owners Active Borrowers 87.6543 33.10104 1.906 .058 New and Non-Borrowers 76.4045 42.69999 Person per room Active Borrowers 2.5257 1.14251 -1.989 .048 New and Non-Borrowers 2.9274 1.45438 Houses with baked bricks Active Borrowers 98.7654 11.11111 -1.049 .296 New and Non-Borrowers 100.0000 .00000 Houses with RCC Roof Active Borrowers 37.0370 48.59127 -.156 .876 New and Non-Borrowers 38.2022 48.86349 Houses with Cemented Floor Active Borrowers 93.8272 24.21611 -.486 .628 New and Non-Borrowers 95.5056 20.83546 Note: There are 81 and 89 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. Table – 4.2 OCT – Economic Status Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Expenditure Per Capita Active Borrowers 1556.1118 642.14860 -.099 .921 New and Non-Borrowers 1566.5866 726.74937 Per Capita Food Expenditure Active Borrowers 865.3527 405.04234 .389 .698 New and Non-Borrowers 840.5838 424.03326 Income Per Capita Active Borrowers 3342.9662 5298.92256 1.669 .097 New and Non-Borrowers 2364.0743 1522.35082 Household Asset Score Active Borrowers 8.78 2.617 1.779 .077 New and Non-Borrowers 7.98 3.187 11
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Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
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indicators which are more difficult
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• Since Asasah has been in operat
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Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
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and economic change in their surrou
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development. NRSP's mandate is to h
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Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
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clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
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Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
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Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
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7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
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microfinance operations. This ordin
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and not other services such as savi
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elow. While we examined the traditi
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Ideally, baseline studies and panel
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members of these organizations are
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Microfinance Branch District/City I
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factor. For this survey, the sample
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loans and might have increased cons
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Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
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Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
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Page 51 and 52: According to Asasah the only time a
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
Page 55 and 56: Borrower’, is that client who has
Page 57 and 58: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 61 and 62: orrowers spend less on education by
Page 63 and 64: Jewellery and livestock were genera
Page 65 and 66: Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
Page 67 and 68: A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
Page 69 and 70: Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
Page 71 and 72: Table - A.3.2.9 Child Education [AS
Page 73 and 74: Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
Page 75 and 76: Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
Page 77 and 78: Table - A.3.2.20 Women’s Empowerm
Page 79 and 80: Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
Page 81 and 82: Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
Page 83 and 84: Chapter Four: Orangi Charitable Tru
Page 85 and 86: these, as many as 7,301 units are c
Page 87 and 88: • Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
Page 89 and 90: guarantees of two local entrepreneu
Page 91: CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
Page 95 and 96: Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
Page 97 and 98: difference, we found that active bo
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Page 101 and 102: Term/D uration Loan size improveme
Page 103 and 104: Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
Page 105 and 106: Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
Page 107 and 108: Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
Page 109 and 110: Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
Page 111 and 112: Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
Page 113 and 114: which also became the head office.
Page 115 and 116: problem of group lending is that me
Page 117 and 118: uy insurance, which covers the risk
Page 119 and 120: activities with other NGOs and Soci
Page 121 and 122: 5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
Page 123 and 124: are also working on a marketing pla
Page 125 and 126: We first discuss results based on t
Page 127 and 128: New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
Page 131 and 132: From these results we can judge tha
Page 133 and 134: Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
Page 135 and 136: Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
Page 137 and 138: Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
Page 139 and 140: Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
Page 141 and 142: Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.18 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.25 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
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in the contextual needs of the comm
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6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
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Other filters related to the specif
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management reveal the significance
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have been chosen from ‘old/establ
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School Going Children - Boys % Acti
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The Difference in Differences (DID)
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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• Participants were also not very
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Impact on Quality of Life & Social
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Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
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Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
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Table - A. 6.2.7 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 6.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 6.2.25 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 6.2.29 Non-Borrowers’
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
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Do you operate Bank account in your
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Spouse without your suggestion .6 3
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No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Appendix A.7.3 UPAP Institutional B
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Table - A.7. 4.4 Respondent Charact
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Table - A.7. 4.9 Child Education [U
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Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Table - A.7. 4.17 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.20 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.23 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A.7. 4.27 Non-Borrower’s
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Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
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were introduced at several levels a
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Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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issues are in the social theme book
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usiness address, attest to experien
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the learning centre has been set up
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development and undertaken market s
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information has not been integrated
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Table 8. 2 Financing Sources: Septe
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We first discuss results based on t
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Note: There are 239 and 271 respond
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Table - 8.7 KASHF - Business Charac
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The results from the estimation of
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A total of three focus group discus
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The positive impact of the credit w
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Appendix Chapter 8 A.8.1.1 Institut
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54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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A.8.1.5: GESA Activities Initiative
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Table - A.8.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 8.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 8.2.22 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A. 8.2.27 Non-Borrowers’
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Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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are necessary for impact to take pl
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Another finding from the survey sug
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of the microfinance sector in Pakis
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Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
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1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
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Section 4a - All Respondents File:
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Section 4b - All Respondents File:
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Section 5b - All Respondents File:
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Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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