Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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Table – 8.7 KASHF – Business Characteristics Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Monthly Sale [Rs.] Active Borrowers 18368.62 12139.060 6.820 .000 New and Non- Borrowers 11940.96 9075.918 Value of Assets - Active Borrowers Shop/Workshop 6093.30 35215.210 -.734 .463 New and Non- Borrowers 8612.55 41453.424 Machinery Active Borrowers 6057.32 22503.791 2.656 .008 New and Non- Borrowers 2156.83 8299.247 Instruments Active Borrowers 970.71 3495.841 1.033 .302 New and Non- Borrowers 694.83 2504.775 Other Active Borrowers 4456.07 19849.699 .436 .663 New and Non- Borrowers 3773.80 15451.121 Note: There are 239 and 271 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. Table – 8.8 KASHF – Women’s Empowerment Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Economic Empowerment Score out of 14 Active Borrowers 7.7238 3.20174 6.499 .000 New and Non- Borrowers 6.0369 2.65806 Income Empowerment Score out of 5 Active Borrowers 2.0962 1.34849 -5.844 .000 New and Non- Borrowers 2.8044 1.38060 Assets Empowerment Score out of 8 Active Borrowers 1.1757 .80602 -4.752 .000 Empowerment Related with Education and Health Score out of 10 New and Non- Borrowers Active Borrowers 1.6605 1.38346 4.9582 2.59248 -4.108 .000 New and Non- 5.8487 2.30362 23
Borrowers Social Empowerment Score out of 10 Active Borrowers 4.1381 1.58836 -.631 .528 New and Non- Borrowers 4.2214 1.39406 Note: There are 239 and 271 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. 8.3 Regression Analysis There are weaknesses in using bivariate analysis, as we do above, since it does not allow us to examine the nature of the impact, and hence, we use multivariate regression analysis, which allows us to look at impact controlling for other related variables. These two sets of analysis also explain why we often get contradictory findings. The Difference in Differences (DID) impact model estimated for Kashf is Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ + T ij δ +v ij Where Y ij is an outcome on which we measure impact for household i in locality j, X ij is a vector of household characteristics 1 , C ij is a dummy equal to 1 for active borrowers and their matched neighbours and 0 otherwise, M ij is a membership dummy variable equal to 1 if household i self-selects into the credit programme, and 0 otherwise; and T ij is a variable to capture the treatment effects on households that self selected themselves into the programme and are already accessing loans. T is also a dummy variable equal to 1 for active borrowers and 0 otherwise. The coefficient δ on T ij is the main parameter of interest and measures the average impact of the programme. A positive and significant δ would indicate that microfinance is having a beneficial effect on the borrowers. As Kashf has been around for 10 years, the clients we interviewed were anywhere between 1 to 7 loan cycles. Therefore to see the impact of continued borrowing we divided the clients into groups, one was the group of young borrowers (borrowed 3 times or less) and the other was of old borrowers (borrowed 4 times or more). On each of these groups we estimated impact separately. A Single Difference equation is also estimated for to assess impact between active borrowers and the pipeline clients. This exercise was done for both young and old borrowers. The form of the equation is as follows and the variables are defined as stated above. Y ij = X ij α + T ij δ +v ij 1 For Kashf nine household characteristics were included in the regression out of 15 tested through ANOVA. 24
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Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
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indicators which are more difficult
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• Since Asasah has been in operat
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Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
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and economic change in their surrou
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development. NRSP's mandate is to h
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Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
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clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
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Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
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Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
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7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
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microfinance operations. This ordin
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and not other services such as savi
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elow. While we examined the traditi
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Ideally, baseline studies and panel
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members of these organizations are
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Microfinance Branch District/City I
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factor. For this survey, the sample
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loans and might have increased cons
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Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
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insufficient resources. Furthermore
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Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
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for SBF, two in Lahore and one in K
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to Regional Managers as the organiz
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undertake thorough research which e
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According to Asasah the only time a
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Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
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Borrower’, is that client who has
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Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
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orrowers spend less on education by
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Jewellery and livestock were genera
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Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
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A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
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Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
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Table - A.3.2.9 Child Education [AS
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Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
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Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
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Table - A.3.2.20 Women’s Empowerm
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Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
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Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
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Chapter Four: Orangi Charitable Tru
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these, as many as 7,301 units are c
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• Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
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guarantees of two local entrepreneu
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CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
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MFIs claim. Hence, its criteria and
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Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
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difference, we found that active bo
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mainly because they don’t have to
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Term/D uration Loan size improveme
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Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
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Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
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Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
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Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
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which also became the head office.
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problem of group lending is that me
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uy insurance, which covers the risk
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activities with other NGOs and Soci
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5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
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are also working on a marketing pla
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We first discuss results based on t
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New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
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From these results we can judge tha
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Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
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Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
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in the contextual needs of the comm
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6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
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Other filters related to the specif
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management reveal the significance
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have been chosen from ‘old/establ
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School Going Children - Boys % Acti
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The Difference in Differences (DID)
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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• Participants were also not very
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Impact on Quality of Life & Social
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Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
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Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
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Table - A. 6.2.7 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 6.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 6.2.29 Non-Borrowers’
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Page 230 and 231: Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
Page 232 and 233: Table - A. 7.2.16 Women’s Empower
Page 234 and 235: Do you operate Bank account in your
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Page 238 and 239: No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Page 246 and 247: Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Page 256 and 257: Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
Page 258 and 259: were introduced at several levels a
Page 260 and 261: Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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Page 276 and 277: Note: There are 239 and 271 respond
Page 280 and 281: The results from the estimation of
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Page 284 and 285: The positive impact of the credit w
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Page 288 and 289: 54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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Page 308 and 309: Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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Page 316 and 317: Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
Page 318 and 319: 1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
Page 320 and 321: Section 4a - All Respondents File:
Page 322 and 323: Section 4b - All Respondents File:
Page 324 and 325: Section 5b - All Respondents File:
Page 326 and 327: Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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