Social Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes - weman

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how well they eat, seem to suggest that the longer they stay with the programme, the greater the perceived impact in terms of improvement in quality of life and diet, on their lives. On most welfare questions, the longer they have been with the programme, the better they think they are doing. However, even more interesting is Table A.3.2.29, where the perceptions of Non-Borrowers are tabulated. What is particularly noteworthy in this table is, that those Non-Borrowers who are in the ‘new’ area where Asasah has just entered, have a far better perception of the impact of the microfinance programme, than did Non-Borrowers who were in the same locality as those who were ‘Active Borrowers’. As we show in Chapter 2 in the Methodology Section, in the first-best state, a key requirement of impact studies is that clients-to-be or new clients, not be ‘contaminated’ with news and information of microfinance activities. However, as we argue, in urban Pakistan today, this is not possible, since with numerous small and large, official and donor programmes funding microfinance, there is a huge amount of information available about microfinance services. Table A.3.2.27 confirms this view that a large proportion of Non-Borrowers are aware of credit facilities. Since Asasah has been giving credit for just a few years and is one of the more recent MFIs, the data we present below cannot be based on a distinction of loan cycle, as it can in the case of older MFIs. Hence, for the purposes of the newer MFIs like Asasah, we can club all Non-Borrowers along with the new clients (‘Pipeline Borrowers’) and make some comparisons with Active Borrowers. Table 3.1 shows that Active Borrowers have significantly higher Expenditure Per Capita and Income Per Capita than do all other categories. This suggests that perhaps Active Borrowers benefit from the microfinance intervention. While Table 3.2 shows that the difference between Asasah’s Active Borrowers and all others in terms of Housing variables, is not at all significant, a result which is not surprising, given the fact that investment in Housing takes large amounts of capital and investment, and we do not envisage that clients of any microfinance institutions will be significantly better-off in a couple of years to allow them to divert excess capital to Housing. Table – 3.1 ASASAH – Economic Status Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level Expenditure Per Capita Active Borrowers 1402 572.0 3.225 .001 New and Non-Borrowers 1247 518.7 Per Capita Food Expenditure Active Borrowers 697 285.0 1.417 .157 New and Non-Borrowers 662 298.6 Income Per Capita Active Borrowers 1601 771.1 2.656 .008 New and Non-Borrowers 1431 676.3 Household Asset Score Active Borrowers 7.54 2.0 2.465 .014 New and Non-Borrowers 7.06 2.3 Value of household assets Active Borrowers 256158 384073.3 -.717 .473 New and Non-Borrowers 278576 275880.1 18
Note: There are 237 and 273 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. Table – 3.2 ASASAH – Housing Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level House owners Active Borrowers 89.45 .30783 .160 .873 New and Non-Borrowers 89.01 .31333 Person per room Active Borrowers 3.5265 1.72231 .867 .387 New and Non-Borrowers 3.3917 1.77734 Houses with baked bricks Active Borrowers 92.41 .26548 -.782 .435 New and Non-Borrowers 94.14 .23532 Houses with RCC Roof Active Borrowers 34.60 .47670 -.220 .826 New and Non-Borrowers 35.53 .47949 Houses with Cemented Floor Active Borrowers 40.93 .49274 -1.765 .078 New and Non-Borrowers 48.72 .50075 Note: There are 237 and 273 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. With most children going to school in all categories, as we show above, the impact of microfinance on is negligible. However, what is surprising from Table 3.3 is that the Monthly Expenditure of those in the programme is significantly lower than those who are new or not part of the programme. Also, it is quite curious that the difference in the proportion of children going to Private Schools is significantly lower for Active Borrowers than it is for new or Non-Borrowers. Table – 3.3 ASASAH – – Children’s Education Variables Category Mean Standard Deviation t-value Significance Level School Going Children % Active Borrowers 85 23.2 .187 .852 New and Non-Borrowers 84 23.2 School Going Children - Boys % Active Borrowers 82 33.2 -.145 .885 New and Non-Borrowers 83 31.3 School Going Children - Girls % Active Borrowers 70 42.2 -.406 .685 New and Non-Borrowers 72 38.8 Children going to Private School % Active Borrowers 39 46.6 -2.168 .031 New and Non-Borrowers 50 46.7 Monthly Expenditure on Education Active Borrowers 227 263.2 -2.100 .037 New and Non-Borrowers 308 395.2 Note: There are 237 and 273 respondents in each category respectively. t-value greater than 1.6 indicates the mean difference between two categories is statistically significant. The negative t indicates that average value of category 2 is greater than the average value of category 1. 19
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Social Impact Assessment of Microfi
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indicators which are more difficult
Page 5 and 6: • Since Asasah has been in operat
Page 7 and 8: Akhuwat • Akhuwat was established
Page 9 and 10: and economic change in their surrou
Page 11 and 12: development. NRSP's mandate is to h
Page 13 and 14: Kashf Urban Poverty Alleviation Pro
Page 15 and 16: clients’ amounts to Rs.5.6 millio
Page 17 and 18: Pakistan, Official Poverty Line - R
Page 19 and 20: Contents Executive Summary Acknowle
Page 21 and 22: 7.5 UPAP Survey Results 7.6 UPAP Re
Page 23 and 24: microfinance operations. This ordin
Page 25 and 26: and not other services such as savi
Page 27 and 28: elow. While we examined the traditi
Page 29 and 30: Ideally, baseline studies and panel
Page 31 and 32: members of these organizations are
Page 33 and 34: Microfinance Branch District/City I
Page 35 and 36: factor. For this survey, the sample
Page 37 and 38: loans and might have increased cons
Page 39 and 40: Chapter Three: Asasah 3.1 Instituti
Page 41 and 42: insufficient resources. Furthermore
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.1: Asasah’s Target Marke
Page 45 and 46: for SBF, two in Lahore and one in K
Page 47 and 48: to Regional Managers as the organiz
Page 49 and 50: undertake thorough research which e
Page 51 and 52: According to Asasah the only time a
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3.3 Funding Sources NGO 5% D
Page 55: Borrower’, is that client who has
Page 59 and 60: Note: There are 237 and 273 respond
Page 61 and 62: orrowers spend less on education by
Page 63 and 64: Jewellery and livestock were genera
Page 65 and 66: Appendix Chapter 3 A 3.1.1 Institut
Page 67 and 68: A3.1.4 Organizational Structure Boa
Page 69 and 70: Table - A.3.2.4 Respondent Characte
Page 71 and 72: Table - A.3.2.9 Child Education [AS
Page 73 and 74: Table - A.3.2.14 Household Assets O
Page 75 and 76: Table - A.3.2.17 Women’s Empowerm
Page 77 and 78: Table - A.3.2.20 Women’s Empowerm
Page 79 and 80: Table - A.3.2.22 Borrowers - Loan A
Page 81 and 82: Table - A.3.2.27 Non-Borrowers’ P
Page 83 and 84: Chapter Four: Orangi Charitable Tru
Page 85 and 86: these, as many as 7,301 units are c
Page 87 and 88: • Loan for Livestock: OCT also su
Page 89 and 90: guarantees of two local entrepreneu
Page 91 and 92: CEBEMO, a Dutch funding agency, has
Page 93 and 94: MFIs claim. Hence, its criteria and
Page 95 and 96: Table - 4.4 OCT - Household Assets
Page 97 and 98: difference, we found that active bo
Page 99 and 100: mainly because they don’t have to
Page 101 and 102: Term/D uration Loan size improveme
Page 103 and 104: Table - A. 4.2.4 Respondent Charact
Page 105 and 106: Average Indebtedness 19300 6375 340
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Table - A. 4.2.14 Household Assets
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Table - A. 4.2.19 Borrowers’ Perc
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Table - A. 4.2.23 Non-Borrowers’
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which also became the head office.
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problem of group lending is that me
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uy insurance, which covers the risk
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activities with other NGOs and Soci
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5.1.5.3 Policy Environment As Akhuw
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are also working on a marketing pla
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We first discuss results based on t
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New and Non- Borrowers 506072.7273
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Note: There are 160 and 180 respond
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From these results we can judge tha
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Appendix Chapter 5 A 5..11 Institut
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Table - 5.4.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 5.2.6 Housing Characteri
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Table - A. 5.2.12 Sources of Househ
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Table - A. 5.2.16 Women’s Empower
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Table - A. 5.2.29 Non-Borrower’s
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in the contextual needs of the comm
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6.1.4.1 Products and Services Offer
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Other filters related to the specif
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management reveal the significance
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have been chosen from ‘old/establ
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School Going Children - Boys % Acti
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The Difference in Differences (DID)
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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• Participants were also not very
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Impact on Quality of Life & Social
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Appendix Chapter 6 A.6.1.1 Institut
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Sample Information [SAFWCO] Table -
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incremental growth, it is emerging
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the purpose of the organization and
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Group loans are meant specifically
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Officer. If the Field Worker and Cr
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The worker’s degree of mobility d
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credit is disbursed to another woma
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Borrowers Houses with RCC Roof Acti
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Own House Active Borrowers 98.4568
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A Single Difference equation is als
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Table 7.6: Regression results Young
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Table - 7.8 UPAP - Economic Status
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Table - 7.10 UPAP - Household Asset
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Y ij = X ij α + C ij β + M ij γ
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Table 1: Regression results Young B
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to consider young unmarried clients
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influentials and people understand
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Client Profile Most of the women in
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Appendix Chapter 7 Appendix A.7.1 N
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Appendix A.7.2 Results from NRSP Su
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Monthly Expenditure on Health 1526
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Do you operate Bank account in your
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Spouse without your suggestion .6 3
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No 17.6 14.1 20.3 9.6 16.7 100.0 15
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Appendix A.7.3 UPAP Institutional B
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Table - A.7. 4.4 Respondent Charact
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Table - A.7. 4.9 Child Education [U
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Table - A.7. 4.14 Household Assets
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Table - A.7. 4.17 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.20 Women’s Empower
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Table - A.7. 4.23 Borrowers - Loan
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Table - A.7. 4.27 Non-Borrower’s
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Chapter Eight: Kashf 8.1 Institutio
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were introduced at several levels a
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Box 8.1 Kashf’s Core Values Servi
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issues are in the social theme book
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usiness address, attest to experien
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the learning centre has been set up
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development and undertaken market s
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information has not been integrated
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Table 8. 2 Financing Sources: Septe
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We first discuss results based on t
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Note: There are 239 and 271 respond
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Table - 8.7 KASHF - Business Charac
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The results from the estimation of
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A total of three focus group discus
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The positive impact of the credit w
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Appendix Chapter 8 A.8.1.1 Institut
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54 Jawarian R 55 Behra R 56 Sahiwal
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A.8.1.5: GESA Activities Initiative
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Table - A.8.2.1 Sample Information
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Table - A. 8.2.22 Borrowers - Loan
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Chapter Nine: Conclusions For anyon
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are necessary for impact to take pl
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Another finding from the survey sug
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of the microfinance sector in Pakis
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Section 1 - IDENTIFICATION File:
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1.9 Occupation - Primary __________
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Section 4a - All Respondents File:
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Section 4b - All Respondents File:
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Section 5b - All Respondents File:
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Section 7 - Only for Non-Agricultur
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8) Do you regularly pay the loan in
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Section 9 - All Respondents File:
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10.2 Had you wanted to join a progr
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11.7 Business Assets Business Asset
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Section 14 - All Respondents File:
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Section 16,17,18 - All Respondents
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17.2 [If Yes in 17.1], Why you did
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Section 19 - Only for Female Respon
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19.8 Who in your household decides
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Section 20a - Only for Agricultural
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Section 20b - Only for Agricultural
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Appendix: Additional Codes ________
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Bibliography Carolyn Barnes and Jen
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