Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

compounds were also examined by Adeem [73], McEnnis [81] using laser induced
fragmentation and Sulzer [82] who examined dinitrobenzene, a toxic yet very
insensitive explosive. Alizadeh [62] utilized electron attachment to nitroaromatic
compound 2-nitro-m-xylene in the gas phase. Schramm [63] used thermal
desorption single photon ionization ion-trap MS (TD-SPI-ITMS) in an application for
real-time detection of explosives for screening wipes. The technique offers very
gentle ionization to maintain the molecule’s mass and detection selectivity. In
addition a successful field trial is included as demonstration the technique’s
applicability to security screening. Scherperel [64] examines smokeless powders
with nanoelectrospray ionization MS (nESI-MS). The technique provides forensic
identification of residues by examining the organic stabilizers to identify and
differentiate unburned smokeless powders from different brands of ammunition in
gunshot residue analysis. Chen [65] looked at utilizing EESI-MS for examination of
explosive traces on human skin. Mullen [66] used TOF-MS to identify
nitroaromatics and related compounds using laser photoionization. Martinez-Lozano
[67] used secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) to identify explosives in the vapor
state at PPT concentrations. Collin [68] used two techniques, GC separation with
Quadrapole Ion Trap (QIT) and a second technique with fast GC separation followed
by dynamic collision-induced dissociation (DCID). Picogram sensitivity is claimed,
rapid analysis (2.5 second GC runs) and the two MS techniques used together are
offered as a confirmational technique. Song [69] compares NI-DART with NI-APPI
for a wide range of compounds including explosives. Both techniques offer
numerous ionization mechanisms for a wider range of compound identification. ESI
and APCI techniques are compared and contrasted. Mauracher [70] examined
musk-ketone compounds with the present results compared with previous aromatic
nitrocompounds studied in our laboratory recently. Particularly the close similarity of
musk ketone and the explosive trinitrotoluene is of special interest. Talaty [71]
analyzed for explosives and on fabric samples by ambient DESI. Sampling was
done in-situ without sample preparation and with a wide variety of common
interferent compounds. High sample throughput and picogram sensitivity are
reported for a technique which could be used for security screening. Wells [72] used
field portable MS instrumentation utilizing DART and DESI ionization. The team
used a portable MS with API interface adapted to DESI and DART sample
introduction to rapidly analyze explosives and other compounds of security interest.
Huestis [74] and Schramm [75] measured ionization potentials for a number of
compounds including nine explosives for investigating whether the compounds could
potentially be detected via single photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
(SPI-TOFMS). Na [76] used an ambient ion source to detect explosives on solid
surfaces. Justes [77] used a similar source to examine explosives on skin.
Williamson [78] provides a review which covers the rationale for using TOF for LC
detection, and describes the many methods currently in the literature for the
quantitation of pharmaceuticals, environmental pollutants, explosives and many
phytochemicals. Jönsson [79] used SPME sample collection with (GC–ECNI-MS)
and isotope dilution quantification for the analysis of nitroaromatic compounds in
complex, water based samples. Ochsenbein [80] compares SPME and direct
injection techniques for explosive compounds in water.
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