Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

pOHMAMP identified 6 additional neonates whose mothers reported MA
exposure, yet had a meconium sample screened as negative; pOHMAMP was
more likely to be present if maternal MA use continued into the third trimester
[453]. Maternal self-reported drug use and/or meconium toxicology results
were used to evaluate the effects of prenatal MA exposure on infant and child
development, and also for potential concurrent exposure to cannabis and
tobacco. A study showed that meconium tests were more likely to be positive if
the mother reported MA and cannabis use, particularly in the third trimester,
but less than half of immunoassay-positive amphetamines (31.0%) and
cannabis (17.9%) meconium results were confirmed by GC-MS [454]. The
concentrations of nicotine and 4 metabolites (with and without hydrolysis) in
meconium from tobacco-exposed and nonexposed neonates were studied by
LC-MS. Nicotine, cotinine, and OH-cotinine were the most prevalent and
abundant meconium tobacco biomarkers, and a concentration >10 ng/g was
suggested to discriminate active from passive and nonexposed neonates
[455].
3.4.5 Other specimens
The analytical data on placenta concentrations of methadone and metabolites
after controlled drug administration were reported by analyzing the specimens
using LC-MS obtained from 5 opioid-dependent women receiving methadone
pharmacotherapy (doses 65-95 mg on the day of delivery) [456]. LC-MS
methods were reported for the simultaneous determination of buprenorphine
(BUP) and related metabolites in umbilical cord [457] and placenta [458]. With
LODs of 0.8 ng/g, authentic umbilical cord and placenta obtained from an
opioid-dependent pregnant woman receiving BUP pharmacotherapy was
analyzed. Interestingly, only the metabolites, namely
norbuprenorphine-glucuronide, buprenorphine-glucuronide and
norbuprenorphine, were detected. Analysis of an umbilical cord following
controlled methadone administration and illicit drug use was accomplished
with SPE followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. With LOQs of 2.5-10 ng/g, the
sample was found to contain (in ng/g), 40.3 morphine, 3.6 codeine, 442
benzyolecgonine, 186 methadone and 45.9 EDDP [459].
The usefulness of newborn nails for monitoring in utero drug exposure was
investigated [460]. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, methadone, caffeine,
nicotine, and cotinine were determined in nail samples from the first 3 months
of life of 25 newborns abandoned immediately after birth (Group 1), and of 33
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