Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

last traces of explosives and Mou’s [124] work on ATR-FTIR use for identification of
explosive particles in fingerprints. Sharmaand [123] examines EDA complexes with
amines for determination of vertical electron affinity of TNT.
5.9 Raman Spectroscopy
The single largest application of the Raman technique is in stand-off detection of
explosives. Papers covering this aspect are offered by Ramos [125], Hobro [126],
Gaft [132], Katz [134], Li [135] and Eliasson [136]. The last reference covering the
more recent interest in detection techniques for liquid explosives. Raman has also
proved useful for in-situ analysis of explosives such as in fingerprints, Emmons [127]
and Esam [129] utilizing a confocal Raman microscope to look at explosive particles
on clothing. Portnov [131] uses backward coherent anti-stokes Raman to detect
explosive particles. Fleger [128] examined narrow gated Raman and the
luminescence of explosives. Nagli [133] looked at UN, PETN, TATP, RDX, TNT and
PETN and determined the Raman cross-section dependence on excitation energy in
spectral range 620–248 nm.
5.10 DSC, Thermal Analysis, TG
Korošec [137] examined emulsion explosives and utilized both TG and DSC for
quantitative determination of the individual nitrates and water in ‘water in oil’
emulsion explosives.
5.11 Medical; Pathology; Injuries; Toxicology
A variety of articles covering medical aspects of explosives are provided in references
138-152.
6. Detection
References for explosives detection are numerous and generally beyond the scope of
the forensic analysis of explosives. The number are undoubtedly due to monetary
investment in explosives detection technology for security purposes. The fact remains
that many of the detection technologies might ultimately find a use in the forensic
laboratory and are included because of this. IMS is but one prominent example of this.
For the reader the ”Detection” section is broken down according to specific detection
technologies. The section is arranged as follows: Canine Explosives Detection,
Biosensors, LIBS Detection, Neutron, Terahertz, Nuclear Techniques (NQR,
Quadrupole Resonance), X-Ray, Ion Mobility Spectroscopy, Human Factors, Novel
Detection.
7. Environmental
Another major contributor to forensic techniques are analytical techniques
specifically tailored to environmental analysis of explosives. Environmental
461