Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

used most frequently [375].
A comparative study was made between LLE and direct injection for the
LC-MS/MS detection of 34 diuretics and 9 other doping agents in urine [376].
With a 25-fold dilution of the urine samples, the problems of retention time
shifting and ion-suppression in direct injection were improved compared with
the undiluted samples, with results comparable to those obtained from LLE. A
fully automated method based on UPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of 130
substances by direct injections of urine samples has been developed for three
different classes of doping agents: diuretics, central nervous system stimulants
(CNS stimulants), and opiates [377].
Direct analysis of urine samples by UPLC-MS/MS has been developed for
quantitation of salbutamol [378]. With salbutamol-d6 as internal standard
followed by dilution with ultrapure water (1:1), the LOQ was 200 ng/mL. A
quantitative LC-MS/MS method to detect altizide, hydrochlorothiazide and their
common metabolites (chlorothiazide and
4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulphonamide) was developed, and the
concentrations ranges were found to be between 41-239 and 60-287 ng/mL
after altizide and hydrochlorothiazide administration, respectively [379]. The
study also showed that 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulphonamide is an
important target compound to detect usage of thiazide diuretics. CE coupled
with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) has been reported for the
simultaneous determination of strychnine and brucine residues in human urine,
with detection limits of 2 and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively [380].
The administration of glycerol to endurance athletes results in an increased
fluid retention and improved performance, particularly under hot and humid
conditions. A quantitative method was established using a GC/isotope-dilution
MS-based approach, with an LOD of 0.3 µg/mL [381]. A 200 µg/mL threshold
for glycerol levels in urine is suggested based on the analysis of 1039 doping
control samples. An important aspect of doping research is the rapid
implementation of tests for emerging drugs with potential for misuse into
routine doping control assays. The mass spectrometric fragmentation of four
new emerging drug candidates: GW501516 (PPAR-delta-agonists), S-107 and
JTV-519 (ryanodine-calstabin-complex stabilizers), and S-40503 (selective
androgen receptor modulators) were studied, and a screening and
confirmation procedure was established for the analysis of these drugs in
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