Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

the length (20 cm) of the hair showed a higher value of GHB, and the presence
of morphine was found in the period associated with the alleged criminal
activity. Current analytical methods used for screening drugs and their
metabolites in biological samples from victims of DFSA or other vulnerable
groups can lack sufficient sensitivity. A UPLC-MS/MS method for the detection
of ketamine and its metabolites was developed to analyze urine specimens
from 6 volunteers following a small oral dose of ketamine (50 mg) [97]. With
LODs for ketamine and norketamine being 0.03 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL,
respectively, detection in urine could be up to 5 and 6 days, respectively, and
the detection could be extended up to 10 days if dehydro-norketamine is also
analyzed.
2.3 Workplace Drug Testing
To combat misuse of drugs or alcohol in the workplace, the application of
workplace drug testing has grown at a phenomenal rate around the world. The
U.S. Department of Transportation updated its drug and alcohol testing
procedures to make specimen validity testing mandatory [98], and also to
authorize employers to disclose to State commercial driver licensing (CDL)
authorities the drug and alcohol violations of employees who hold CDLs and
operate commercial motor vehicles [99].
The current perspective of workplace drug testing in the U.S. was reviewed
[100]. A number of inconsistencies were observed based on epidemiological
data between illegal drug-use self-reported survey and drug testing results
which might be due to the increased specificity of immunoassay screening
tests and the critical issues of adulteration and substitution. In addition, the
performance of rapid point-of-collection (POCT) oral fluid drug-testing devices
was also reviewed. Most of the POCT devices can detect amphetamines and
opiates very well, while their ability to detect cocaine varies significantly across
devices and the detection of cannabis use is generally poor across all devices
[100]. The Finnish legislation on workplace drug testing (2004) incorporates
provisions related to drug use testing [101]. Their purpose is to ensure that
drug testing is carried out by good occupational health care practice and
laboratory quality standards, taking into account the integrity and protection of
privacy of the persons tested as well as their other fundamental rights. In
connection to the legislation, the guidelines to be followed by laboratories were
described, along with the requirement for accreditation [102]. An overview of
the New Zealand experience in drug-free workplace program was described,
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