Examination of Firearms Review: 2007 to 2010 - Interpol

CYP3A4, resulting in inhibited metabolism of other drugs and medicines, as
well as compromised metabolism in poor metabolisers for CYP2D6. In addition,
these drugs could cause various drug-drug interactions [528,529]. Furthermore,
BZP and TFMPP inhibited each other's metabolism [529]. The metabolite ratio
of amitriptyline (AT), nortriptyline (NT), and its 10-hydroxy metabolites was
examined by LC-MS in hair samples of 23 white infants after long-term
administration of AT [530]. High inter-individual variation of the metabolite
ratios was observed and could be explained for those being CYP2C19 poor
metabolizers, where the demethylation capabilities were depleted significantly.
To study the metabolism of naloxone, an LC-MS/MS method was developed
for determination of naloxone and its metabolite, nornaloxone, in plasma, urine,
and human liver microsomes. When cDNA-expressed P450s were incubated
with 20 ng of naloxone, nornaloxone formation was detected for P450s 2C18,
2C19, and 3A4 [479]. Two cases were studied in which there was a suspicion
that the patients continued to abuse diazepam, because of repeatedly positive
urine test results. The measurement of diazepam metabolites in urine showed
that none of them had in fact ingested diazepam during the study period [531].
One of the subjects was found to have a slow metabolism for CYP2C9 as well
as for CYP2C19. In the second case, there was a possible drug interaction
between diazepam and zolpidem.
4. Conclusions
Phenomenal progress has been achieved in various areas relevant to forensic
toxicology. The increased availability of more sensitive and specific
instrumentation has enabled the development of many effective methods for
the detection of a wider scope of drugs and/or their metabolites at very low
levels, in both conventional and alternative specimens.
With the more structured approach towards control over illicit drug use while
driving, the list of drugs that can be determined is continously expanding. It is
known that the problem of DUID is far more complex than that of DUI, and that
it still requires a large amount of research in various areas such as
epidemiology, behavior, and toxicology. The efforts made in harmonization of
methods will undoubtedly facilitate more efficient cross-study comparisons in
future drugged driving research.
The development of methods for detection of alcohol biomarkers such as EtG,
EtS and FAEE in oral fluid, urine, blood, vitreous humor, and hair has shed
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