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Table 4-27: Concrete Mixture and Site Test Data for 3500 psi Specified Design Strength Concrete at 28-Day Age Mixture No. P1-1 P1-2 P1-3 P1-4 P1-5 P1-6 P2-1 P2-2 P2-3 Cement, lbs.* 367 366 367 366 368 367 295 267 293 Fly ash, lbs. * 245 243 244 244 244 245 293 263 296 Water, lbs. * 165 167 162 164 166 164 177 158 158 Sand, lbs. * 1,546 1,546 1,544 1,552 1,548 1,546 1,299 1,169 1,300 Coarse aggregates, 1,842 1,846 1,838 1,844 1,844 1,852 1,898 1,712 1,896 lbs. * Slump, inches 9 5¼ 3¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 3 3 3½ Air Content, % 8.5 6.5 6.2 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.2 Air Temp, °F 84 92 96 100 102 103 98 96 73 Concrete Temp, °F 83 84 86 85 86 86 86 88 84 Concrete Density, pcf 141.5 141.0 143.4 141.5 142.4 142.8 143.4 134.5 135.5 * Mixture proportions data provided by the ready mixed concrete supplier Mixture P1: 40% Class F Fly Ash (120 liq. oz superplasticizer and 15 liq. oz. air entraining agent) Mixture P2: 50% Class C Fly Ash (12 liq. oz. air entraining agent) Tables 4-28 to 4-40 show the results of the above tests. It can be concluded from this paving project that: 1. Paving grade air-entrained concrete can be produced with 40% of Portland cement replaced with off-spec ASTM C618, Class F fly ash plus a superplasticizer, when the water-to-cementitious materials ratio is maintained around or below 0.36. 2. The 50% ASTM C618, Class C fly ash concrete mixture is suitable for pavement construction. 3. All concrete mixtures gained strength with age. Cores taken from the pavement showed higher compressive strengths than lab-cured concrete cylinders. 4. High-volume fly ash concrete mixtures showed higher freezing and thawing resistance than the WDOT reference mix with 20% ASTM C618, Class C fly ash. 5. High-volume fly ash concrete exhibited lower drying shrinkage when compared to the reference mixture. We Energies 96 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
6. The high-volume Class C fly ash mixture (50% replacement) showed lower resistance to de-icing salt scaling when compared to the other two mixtures in the laboratory. This has not been observed in the field. 7. All mixtures showed good resistance to chloride ion penetration. High-volume off-spec ASTM C618 Class F fly ash concrete performed better than the other two mixtures, for resistance to chloride ion penetration. 8. The 20% ASTM C618 Class C fly ash mixture showed better resistance to abrasion than the other two mixes. Table 4-28: Average Compressive Strength Test Results from the Construction Site - Prepared Concrete Cylinders for Specified Design Strength 3500 psi at 28-Day Age Test Age, Days Mixture Numbers S1-1 S1-2 S1-3 S2-1 S2-2 S2-3 S3-1 S3-2 S3-3 S3-4 1 1,230 -- -- -- -- 1,020 -- 1,720 -- -- 3 1,770 2,580 1,700 1,920 1,750 1,900 2,690 2,650 2,870 -- 7 2,450 -- -- -- -- 2,900 -- 3,620 -- 3,560 28 3,430 5,160 4,460 4,260 4,390 3,900 4,020 4,450 4,860 4,530 56 4,530 5,850 5,260 4,960 5,140 5,270 5,860 6,060 5,890 -- 91 4,720 -- -- -- -- 5,300 -- 6,170 -- -- 182 5,310 -- -- -- -- 6,020 -- 6,320 -- -- 365 5,430 7,420 4,810 5,810 5,680 6,400 6,909 6,690 7,060 -- Mix S1: 40% Class F Fly Ash Mix S2: 50% Class C Fly Ash Mix S3: 20% Class C Fly Ash Table 4-29: Average Compressive Strength Test Results From Ready Mix Plant Cylinders for Specified Design Strength 3500 psi at 28-Day Age Test Age, Days Mixture Numbers P1-1 P1-2 P1-3 P1-4 P1-5 P1-6 P2-1 P2-2 P2-3 7 2,550 3,010 3,040 2,790 2,490 3,120 2,250 2,180 2,570 28 3,740 4,640 4,510 2,980 3,720 4,380 3,680 3,640 3,200 Mix P1: 40% Class F Fly Ash Mix P2: 50% Class C Fly Ash 97 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12:
The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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