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Abrasion Resistance of Concrete Containing We Energies ASTM C618, Class C Fly Ash Abrasion is a common form of wear observed in pavements due to friction forces applied by moving vehicles. Abrasion wear can also occur due to rubbing, scraping, skidding or sliding of other objects on the pavement/concrete surface. Resistance of concrete surfaces to abrasion is influenced by several factors including concrete strength, aggregate properties, surface finishing and type of toppings. Previous studies have reported that the abrasion resistance of a concrete surface is primarily dependent on the compressive strength of concrete. ACI Committee 201 recommends a minimum compressive strength of 4,000 psi for concrete subjected to abrasion. Hard surface material, aggregate and paste having low porosity and high strength improves the abrasive resistance of concrete. Abrasion Test Sample Preparation ASTM C618, Class C fly ash from Pleasant Prairie Power Plant of We Energies was used in this study. Fine and coarse aggregate used in this project met ASTM C33 gradation requirements. The Portland cement was Lafarge Type 1, meeting ASTM C150. Commercially available Catexol AE 260, air-entraining agent and a Daracem 100 superplastisizer were also used. Mixture proportions are shown on Table 4-15. Of the 11 mixtures produced, three were control mixtures and the other eight mixtures contained ASTM C618, Class C fly ash. Mixture proportions containing fly ash replacement for cement on a 1.25 to 1 basis in the range of 15 to 75% by weight were established. The water to cementitious materials ratio was maintained at 0.35 ± 0.02 and air content was kept at 6 ± 1% for the primary mixtures. The mixtures that didn’t meet the above requirements were classified as secondary mixtures and these were not used for detailed analysis of test results. Slab specimens for abrasion resistance were prepared according to ASTM C 31 procedures. Fresh concrete properties are reported in Table 4-15. Compressive strength test results are shown in Table 4-16. We Energies 72 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Abrasion resistance tests were performed at 28 and 91 days after moist curing of the slab specimens. Abrasion tests were conducted on the specimens using ASTM C944 test methods. The ASTM C944 test produced a depth of abrasion of about one mm (0.04”) after about 60 minutes of exposure to the abrasive force. This method was too slow. An accelerated method was developed as an alternative. Details of the method can be obtained from reference 27. Table 4-15: Mixture Proportions Using Pleasant Prairie Power Plant - Class C Fly Ash, 6000 PSI (41.8 MPA) Specified Strength* Mix. No. C-1 (S) C-2 (S) C-3 (P) P4-1 (S) P4-2 (P) P4-3 (P) P4-4 (S) P4-5 (S) P4-6 (P) P4-7 (P) P4-8 (P) Specified design strength (psi) 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 Cement (lb/cu yd) 675 671 661 568 445 378 305 177 556 305 180 Fly Ash (lb/cu yd) 0 0 0 125 239 313 378 514 123 383 519 Water (lb/cu yd) 208 210 237 240 245 259 249 257 225 230 258 Water-tocementitious ratio 0.31 0.32 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.33 0.33 0.37 Sand, SSD (lb/cu yd) 1212 1205 1207 1208 1158 1175 1153 1112 1190 1111 1084 1 in. aggregates, SSD (lb/cu yd) 2134 2113 2083 2092 2036 1998 1914 1861 2059 1933 1878 Slump (in) 1 1¾ 4¾ 2½ 6¼ 4¾ 2¼ 3 5¾ 4½ 4¾ Air content (%) 2.6 2.4 6.3 4.1 5.1 6.4 8.5 3.7 6.7 7 6.4 HRWR 1 (liq oz/cu yd) 71.0 70.0 74.6 75 73 71.0 68.0 67.6 73.5 68.8 67.0 AEA 2 (liq oz/cu yd) 7.2 9.0 7.0 7.8 9.0 13.3 21.0 23.4 10.8 22.9 35.7 Air Temperature (°F) 68 68 70 70 70 70 78 79 -- -- -- Concrete Temperature (°F) 69 68 73 73 73 78 78 79 70 78 77 Fresh Concrete Density (lb/ft 3 ) 156.0 156.0 148.6 152.7 149.4 147.3 140.3 145.8 149.8 145.9 147.6 Hardened Concrete density, SSD (lb/ft 3 ) 156.9 156.8 154.2 156.8 151.8 150.8 142.4 143.5 152.3 146.2 145.2 Notes: 1 High Range Water Reducer (HRWR); 2 Air-Entraining Agent * Subdesignation P indicates primary mixes for this research project and S indicates secondary (duplicate) mixes. Main conclusions are shown with the data from the primary mixes only. 73 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63 and 64: strength tests were performed at va
Page 65 and 66: Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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