We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 9-10: Effects of temperature and retention time on mercury liberation Sample Description PIPP PPPP Experiment Sequence 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Rotary Feeder Speed (RPM) 800 1000 1200 1000 1000 1000 Temperature (ºF) 538 538 538 538 593 649 Samples collected before Experiment Hg Content (ppm) 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.69 0.62 1.00 LOI (%) 25.7 25.3 26.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 Samples collected under the air slide Hg content (ppm) 0.025 0.015 0.025 0.10 0.054 0.055 Hg Removal (%) 82.14 89.29 77.27 85.51 91.29 94.50 LOI (%) 42.3 31.3 14.6 3.2 1.9 1.8 Samples collected in the Baghouse Hg content (ppm) 0.38 0.40 0.36 0.81 1.2 1.4 Hg Increased (%) 171.43 185.71 227.27 17.39 93.55 40.00 LOI (%) 22.7 20.9 20.5 5.3 3.9 4.0 Ammonia Removal-Ash Beneficiation (US Patent 6,755,901) Coal-fired power plants are utilizing several proven technologies to improve the quality of air emissions through the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ). These include Low NO x burners, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR), and Amine Enhanced Lean Gas Reburn (AEFLGR). These modifications and additions to coal-fired combustion systems normally result in additional residual carbon and/or ammonia compounds. We Energies has developed the ammonia liberation process (ALP) as a way to overcome the far reaching effects that the installation of NO x reduction technologies may have. The process developed by We Energies employs the application of heat to liberate the ammonia compounds from the ash, consume undesirable carbon and render the ash a marketable product. The process design employs few moving parts to keep wear and maintenance low. The system is adaptable to meet the different ash characteristics generated by the various NO x reduction systems as well as the quantity of ash needing beneficiation. Ammonia Removal Process The type of NO x reduction process used typically determines the type and characteristics of the ammonia contaminants. In general the most common and abundant species are the bisulfate and sulfate forms. These species have the We Energies 226 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
equired removal temperatures of 813ºF and 808ºF, respectively. The ammonia liberating process preheats the ash and then feeds it to a processing bed where its temperature is increased to about 1,000ºF with hot fluidizing air. The fluidizing air is supplied by a burner and forced through a porous metal media. This high temperature media provides support for the ash and distribution for the air flow. The heat breaks down or consumes the contaminants and the air flow carries the contaminants away from the ash. The ash leaves the processing bed and is cooled with a heat exchanger. This reclaimed heat can be used to preheat the incoming untreated ash. The clean ash is transferred to storage for subsequent use. The contaminated air flow leaving the processing bed is passed through a baghouse where any fugitive ash is captured and returned to the ash exiting the processing bed. The dust free ammonia laden gas may then be passed into a wet scrubber for removal of the contaminants for disposal or passed back into the combustion process or NO x reduction process. ALP Pilot Plant Test We Energies has assembled and tested a small-scale prototype ALP unit. The unit is operated under the parameters described above. Figure 9-10 shows the properties of fly ash before and after the tests. The amount of ammonia in the ash was significantly reduced. The resulting fly ash is a marketable ash that could be beneficially utilized as a “green” construction material. ASTM C 618 Class F Fly Ash Ammonia Removal Results Base Case - Ammonia Before Processing 160 mg/kg Baghouse Ash – Ammonia After Processing 16 mg/kg Product Bin Ash – Ammonia After Less than 2 mg/kg Processing ASTM C 618 Class F Fly Ash Loss on Ignition Results Base Case - LOI Before Processing 2.7% Baghouse Ash - LOI After Processing 2.6% Product Bin Ash – LOI After Processing 2.8% High Carbon Bituminous Coal Fly Ash * *(No Ammonia Present in Fly Ash) Loss on Ignition Results Base Case - LOI Before Processing 16.2% Baghouse Ash - LOI After Processing 9.9% Product Bin Ash – LOI After Processing 7.2% 227 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184: The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186: The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188: affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190: Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
Page 191 and 192: Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196: Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198: Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
Page 199 and 200: unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204: The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206: Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208: Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
Page 211 and 212: judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214: Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216: Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218: Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220: Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222: Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224: Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226: The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228: General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243 and 244: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 245 and 246: C. Provide adequate number of units
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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