We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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D. Do not sprinkle water on the plastic surface. Do not disturb the slab surfaces prior to start of finishing operations. 3.07 Cold Weather Placing A. Do not place concrete when the air temperature is less than 40ºF without the specific approval of the Engineer. B. Comply with ACI 306 to protect all concrete work from physical damage and reduced strength caused by frost or low temperatures. C. The temperature of the concrete delivered at the site shall conform to the following limitations. Air Temperature Minimum Concrete Temperature 30º to 45ºF 60ºF 0º to 30ºF 65ºF Below 0ºF 70ºF D. If water or aggregate is heated above 100ºF, the water shall be combined with the aggregate in the mixer before cement is added. Cement shall not be mixed with water or with mixtures of water and aggregate having a temperature greater than 100ºF. E. When the mean daily temperature is less than 40ºF, the temperature of the concrete shall be maintained between 50ºand 70ºF for the required curing period. F. Arrangements for heating, covering, insulation, or housing the concrete work shall be made in advance of placement and shall be adequate to maintain the required temperature without injury due to concentration of heat. G. Combustion heaters shall not be used during the first 24 hours unless precautions are taken to prevent exposure of the concrete to exhaust gases. 3.08 Hot Weather Placing A. Comply with ACI 305 when hot weather conditions exist. B. Maintain concrete temperature at time of placement below 90ºF. C. When the temperature of the steel is greater than 120ºF, steel forms and reinforcement shall be sprayed with water prior to placing concrete. D. Keep all surfaces protected from rapid drying. Provide windbreaks, shading, fog spraying, sprinkling, ponding, or wet covering in advance of placement. 3.09 Consolidation A. Consolidate all concrete in accordance with provisions of ACI 309. B. Consolidate each layer of concrete immediately after placing, by use of internal concrete vibrators. Maintain a frequency of not less than 8,000 vibrations per minute for each internal vibrator. We Energies 236 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
C. Provide adequate number of units and power source at all times. Use a minimum of two vibrators for all work and maintain spare units to ensure adequacy. D. Insert the vibrator so as to penetrate the lift immediately below the one being placed. Do not insert the vibrator into lower courses, which have begun to set. E. Spacing between insertions of the vibrator shall generally be from 12” to 18” and shall not exceed twice the radius of action as shown in ACI 309 or eighteen (18) inches. F. Do not use vibrators to transport concrete inside the forms. G. Vibration shall be adequate and properly carried out to minimize entrapped air and surface voids on formed surfaces. 3.10 Concrete Slab Finishing A. Float Finish: 1. Apply float finish to all slab surfaces. 2. After placing and screeding concrete slabs, do not work the surface until ready for floating. Begin floating when the surface water has disappeared and when the concrete has stiffened sufficiently to permit operation of a power-driven float. 3. Consolidate the surface with power-driven float, or by handfloating if the area is small or inaccessible to power units. 4. Check and level the surface plane to a tolerance not exceeding ¼ inch in ten (10) feet when tested with a ten-foot straight-edge placed on the surface at not less than two different angles. 5. Immediately after leveling, refloat the surfaces to a smooth, uniform, granular texture. B. Trowel Finish: 1. Apply steel trowel finish to all interior floor slabs, topping, and stair treads. 2. Apply float finish to slabs as described above in part 3.10.A. 3. After floating, begin the first trowel finish operation using a powerdriven trowel. Begin final troweling when the surface produces a ringing sound as the trowel is moved over the surface. 4. Consolidate the concrete surface by the final hand troweling operation, free from trowel marks, uniform in texture and appearance, and with a surface plane tolerance not exceeding ⅛ inch in 10 feet when tested with a ten foot straight-edge. C. Broom Finish: 1. Apply non-slip broom finish to all exterior sidewalks and aprons. 2. Apply float to slabs as described above in part 3.10A. 3. Immediately after floating, slightly roughen the concrete surface by sweeping in the direction perpendicular to the main traffic route. Use a fiber-bristle broom. 237 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12:
The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14:
are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16:
problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20:
for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24:
Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26:
for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28:
Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30:
Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32:
Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34:
Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36:
The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44:
that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46:
Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48:
However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56:
Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62:
The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84:
Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92:
Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94:
Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98:
Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196: Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198: Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
Page 199 and 200: unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204: The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206: Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208: Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
Page 211 and 212: judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214: Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216: Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218: Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 219 and 220: Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222: Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224: Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226: The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228: General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230: * Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232: Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234: the air slide inlet was set at 538
Page 235 and 236: equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238: Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240: Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242: Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
Page 243: 3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
Page 247 and 248: B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
Page 249 and 250: show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252: 3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
Page 253 and 254: 3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256: 3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258: 11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260: D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262: If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264: Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266: 33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
Page 267 and 268: 69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270: Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272: Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274: FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276: Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278: annual number of curies of each of
Page 279 and 280: is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282: constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284: Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
Page 285 and 286: ‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288: Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290: Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294: Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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