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structure is capable of taking this lateral pressure. If the structure is not capable of handling this pressure, it can be braced externally until the CLSM slurry solidifies, or the CLSM slurry may be poured in multiple lifts so that one lift hardens before the next is poured. 2. Secure tanks, pipes and cables so they don’t float in the excavation. 3. Fresh CLSM flowable fly ash slurry that is placed in deep excavations behaves like “quick-sand” so it must be protected from accidental entry until it hardens. 4. Low-strength CLSM material where re-excavation may be required at a later age should be specified with a maximum strength (or a range of strength) that will allow for easy re-excavation with normal equipment. The addition of coarse aggregate to the mixture generally makes reexcavation more difficult. 5. When transporting CLSM flowable slurry in a ready-mix truck, the driver should be aware of the liquid nature of the material being transported. CLSM may spill out of the back of a ready mix truck with quick stops or while travelling up hills. It is better to transport CLSM stiff and add water at the job site for high flow requirements. Advantages of Using CLSM Fly Ash Slurry CLSM fly ash slurry has several advantages when compared to conventional compacted backfill. The slurry mixture can be designed to meet the requirements of particular applications. The following are the major advantages: 1. CLSM fly ash slurry is flowable. The flowability can be increased or decreased by varying the water content. Hence, it can be used to fill inaccessible areas like retired sewer mains and tunnels where conventional ways of backfilling are difficult or economically not feasible. The flowable slurry fills voids completely, thus avoiding future settlement. Figure 5-17: Filling a tunnel with twin 30" diameter steam mains in Milwaukee, Wisconsin We Energies 156 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook 2. The level of strength can be increased or decreased depending on the application. Where reexcavation is required, the strength may be limited to the range of 50 to 300 psi maximum. Where higher strength is specified, such as base
material for foundations, changing the cementitious and aggregate proportions may increase the strength. 3. Unlike conventional backfilling methods, no tamping or vibration is required to place CLSM. 4. Long-term settlement is virtually nonexistent. Except for the initial shrinkage settlement of less than ⅛ inch per foot, there is no additional settlement after hardening. Hence, on pavement repairs and similar applications, a smoother ride can be expected. 5. There are substantial cost savings in using CLSM slurry, when compared to labor intensive conventional methods of backfilling. Fly ash slurry does not need compaction or vibration. 6. Utilizing fly ash for this application is making beneficial use of a coal combustion product, which is helpful to the environment. It preserves sand and gravel pits, crushed stone quarries, valuable landfill space; saves land that would be otherwise dedicated for these uses; and contributes to sustainable development by completely utilizing this resource and preserving virgin materials for future generations. Figure 5-18: Volumetric mixer used for production of fast setting and excavatable CLSM in the Chicago area. 157 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117 and 118: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 119 and 120: mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
Page 169 and 170: The report also evaluated frost sus
Page 171 and 172: Field Study Following the initial s
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
Page 175 and 176: Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
Page 177 and 178: Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180: Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
Page 181 and 182: We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184: The coal combustion materials landf
Page 185 and 186: The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188: affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190: Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
Page 191 and 192: Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196: Using the back-calculated SN values
Page 197 and 198: Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
Page 199 and 200: unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202: Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204: The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206: Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208: Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210: Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
Page 211 and 212: judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214: Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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