Index Power plants (cont.), <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong>, 1, 1-2, 2, 6, 26-32, 27-31 See also names of individual plants Pozzolanic activity index, 55, 110, 138 Pozzolans, 15, 19, 50-52; defined, 48 PPPP See Pleasant Prairie Power Plant Presque Isle Power Plant, 4, 30, 30, 35; ash reburning, 179; map, 32; statistics, 26, 30 Presque Isle Power Plant (bottom ash), abrasion, 43, 44-45; Atterberg limits, 43, 44-45; chemical composition, 37; density, 38, 45, drainage, 167; elemental analysis, 208; freeze-thaw resistance, 44-45; gradation, 43, 44- 45, 166; hydraulic conductivity, 38; leaching, 210; moisture content, 38; permeability, 167; physical properties, 38; size, 39, 41-42; soundness, 44- 45, 45 Presque Isle Power Plant (fly ash), chemical composition, 34, 35; elemental analysis, 204; fineness, 36; leaching, 206-207; loss on ignition, 34; mercury, 223-225, 224-226; moisture content, 34; physical properties, 36; research, 123-128, 146-151, 223-225, 224-226; soundness, 36; specific gravity, 36; strength, 36; water demand, 36 Pressure infiltration, 195-196 Production statistics See Statistics Properties, ASTM C150 specification, 110; ASTM C618 specification, 110, 138; boiler slag, 22-23, 22-24; bottom ash, 19-20, 20-22, 37-39, 38-42, 160-161, 161-162; cement, 110; fly ash, 15-19, 18, 34-36, 36, 49, 50, 55, 110, 135, 138; gypsum, 24-25, 24-25; metal- matrix composites, 196-198 See also specific properties Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy, 203, 212 Pulvamixers, 18 Pulverized coal See under <strong>Coal</strong> Pumping, 108 PWPP See Port Washington Power Plant Pyrites, 37 Radioactivity, 213-214, 267-273 Reburning, 177-179 Recovery, 174-177, 175 Regulation, 159; ACI 318 building code, 68; air emission quality, 3-5, 6, 202, 223-227; Clean Air Act, 3, 4; concrete, 53, 216; exemptions, 203, 214; landfills, 5, 201; Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, 4, 216; Michigan Department of Transportation, 39, 43, 45, 45, 166; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 201, 216-217; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 3- 4, 6, 170, 171-172, 175, 177, 203, 204-213, 214, 215, 218-222, 240, 242, 244, 247, 249; Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 39, 43, 44, 45-46, 89, 90, 91, 108, 161, 166, 168, 240, 242, 249 Research, 47; bottom ash, 37-46, 113, 159-164, 179-184; Center for By- <strong>Products</strong> Utilization, 54, 77, 105, 112, 130, 138, 147, 179, 180; Center for Highway and Traffic Engineering, 185; cold-in-place recycling, 185-192; concrete, 54-88, 105-107, 117-128, 131; controlled low strength material, 130-152, 155; Electric Power Research Institute, 51-52, 199; emissions, 223-227; fly ash, 51-52, 54-88, 105-107, 112-116, 130-151, 179-184, 194-198, 213-214, 223-227; manufactured soil products, 169-170; Marquette University, 185; masonry products, 112-116, 179-184; metal- matrix composites, 193-198; radioactivity, 213-214; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 51; University of Wisconsin-Madison, 169; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 54, 77, 105, 112, 130, 138, 147, 179, 180, 194; <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong>, 54-88, 112-128, 130- 151, 159-164, 179-184, 199; Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 155 See also Pilot projects Resistivity, electric, 118-128, 123, 128, 140-151, 141, 142, 146, 150; thermal, 230 Road base See Aggregates Rule 801 See Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Safety, bottom ash, 201-202, 264-266; controlled low strength material, 155- 156, 247-248; fly ash, 201-202, 213- 214, 264-266; Minergy LWA, 262-263 Scott's Company, 169-170 Seal coat aggregates See under Aggregates Selective catalytic reduction, 4, 226 Selective non-catalytic reduction, 4, 226 Setting time See Time of set Sewage sludge stabilization See Liquid waste stabilization Shrinkage, bottom ash, 21; concrete, 52- 53, 68, 69, 96, 102; controlled low strength material, 130, 134, 137 <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong> 286 <strong>Coal</strong> <strong>Combustion</strong> <strong>Products</strong> Utilization Handbook
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom ash, 39, 40- 42, 160, 161; fly ash, 15; gypsum, 24, 24; recovered ash, 176, 176; testing procedure, 39, 160 Slump, base course, 110, 112; concrete, 56, 57, 62-64, 73, 79, 94, 95, 96, 110, 112, 117, 119, 119, 125, 131, 232; controlled low strength material, 131, 131, 133, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139; testing procedures, 232 Slurry See Controlled low strength material Sodium bicarbonate sorbent injection systems, 29 Soil-cement slurry See Controlled low strength material Soil corrosivity, 141 Soil stabilization, 17, 47 Solid waste disposal sites See Landfills Soundness, 52; bottom ash, 44-45, 45; fly ash, 36, 55; testing procedure, 39 Specific gravity, boiler slag, 23; bottom ash, 22; cement, 17, 110; fly ash, 17, 36, 55, 110, 138; gypsum, 24 Specifications, AASHTO, 44-45, 104, 187; asphalt, 43, 249-254; backfill, 240- 243; bottom ash, 44-45; concrete, 231-239, 249-254; controlled low strength material, 244-248; Flo-Pac, 246; gravel, 161; Michigan Department of Transportation, 39, 43, 45, 45, 166; pavement, 249-254; <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong>, 231-254; Wisconsin Department of Transportation, 39, 43, 44, 45-46, 90, 91, 108, 161, 166, 168, 240, 242, 249 See also ACI...; ASTM... Staining potential, 37 Standards See Specifications Statistics, boiler slag, 2; bottom ash, 2, 26, 26-30, 37; coal combustion products, 2-3, 3, 26; flue gas desulfurization material, 2; fly ash, 2, 26, 26-30; Milwaukee County Power Plant, 26, 27; nitrogen oxide, 4; Oak Creek Power Plant, 26, 28; Pleasant Prairie Power Plant, 26, 28; Port Washington Power Plant, 26, 29; Presque Isle Power Plant, 26, 30; production, 2, 3, 3, 26, 26-30, 37; sulphur dioxide, 4; utilization, 2-3, 3, 5; Valley Power Plant, 26, 30; <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong>, 3, 5, 26, 26-30, 37 Stir-casting process, 194 Storage, 10-11; Milwaukee County Power Plant, 27; Oak Creek Power Plant, 28; Pleasant Prairie Power Plant, 28-29; Presque Isle Power Plant, 30 Strength, 36, 50, 156-157 See also Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Tensile strength Stress, 18, 162 Structural fill, 159, 161, 163-164, 240-241 STS Consultants, Ltd., 159, 164-165 Sub-base material, 26, 159-164 Subgrade reactions, 18 Sulphate resistance, 50-51 Sulfur, 11 Sulfur dioxide, 4-5, 11 Sulfuric acid, 11 Sussex (Wis.), corporate center, 88, 88- 90, 90; Maple Avenue, 91-92 Sustainable development, 3, 157, 202 SW-846 See Test Method for Evaluating Solid Waste Synthetic gas, 10 Synthetic gypsum See Gypsum Tax Incremental Financing, 89 Temperature, 111, 112, 119, 232 Tensile strength, 99 Test Method for Evaluating Solid Waste, 203, 212 Testing procedures, 39, 54-58, 72-74, 110-111, 113-115, 118-120, 124, 134, 138, 143, 147, 160, 163, 203, 223; AASHTO, 39; California Test 643, 140; Figg method, 78; Military Standard 621A, 163; mixture design, 54-58, 56-57, 64, 65, 67, 72, 73, 78, 79, 89, 91, 95-96, 108, 114, 116, 117, 118-119, 119, 124-125, 125, 130-131, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 143, 144, 147-148, 148, 180, 180-181; Proton Induced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy, 203, 212; Test Method for Evaluating Solid Waste, 203, 212; thermal needle test, 141 See also ASTM...; Research <strong>The</strong>rmal conductivity See under Conductivity <strong>The</strong>rmal contraction, 52 <strong>The</strong>rmal resistivity See under Resistivity Time of set, 64-67, 66, 71, 110, 126, 143 Traction See Anti-skid material Ultrasonic pulse velocity, 101 Unified Soil Classifications System, 17 Uniformity, fly ash, 17 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, 51 U. S. Department of Energy, 200 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 4, 201, 216-217; <strong>Coal</strong> <strong>Combustion</strong> <strong>Products</strong> Partnership program, 216- 217 U. S. patents See Patents University of Wisconsin-Madison, 169 287 <strong>We</strong> <strong>Energies</strong> <strong>Coal</strong> <strong>Combustion</strong> <strong>Products</strong> Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
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Other important observations from t
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Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
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300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
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Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
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The final setting time for 5000 psi
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Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
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Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
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Abrasion resistance tests were perf
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Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
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4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
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Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
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12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
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Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
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Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
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Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
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Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
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Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
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Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
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Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
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6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
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Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
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Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
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Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
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Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
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Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
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Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
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Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
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Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
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Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
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Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
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WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
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Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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- Page 291 and 292: Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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- Page 297: About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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