We Energies Coal Combustion Products ... - The White House

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Table 4-2: PPPP Class C Fly Ash Concrete Mix and Test Data - 3000 psi (21 MPA) Specified Strength Mix No. P4 - 1 P4 - 2 P4 - 3 P4 - 4 P4 - 5 P4 - 6 Specified design strength, psi 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Cement, lbs 425 341 300 255 210 171 Fly ash, lbs 0 100 150 208 260 310 Water, lbs 281 273 272 262 258 249 Sand, SSD, lbs 1610 1610 1610 1610 1610 1610 3/4” aggregates SSD, lbs 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 Slump, inch 4-l/4 4-l/4 4-l/4 3-l/2 3-3/4 4-3/4 Air content, % 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.8 Air temperature, °F 84 82 82 79 78 68 Concrete temperature, °F 82 82 82 82 82 80 Concrete density, pcf 153.4 154.1 154.6 154.8 154.5 154.7 Table 4-3: PPPP Fly Ash Concrete Mix and Test Data 4000 psi (28 MPA) Specified Strength Mix No. P4 - 7 P4 - 8 P4 - 9 P4 - 10 P4 - 11 P4 - 12 Specified design strength, psi 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 4000 Cement, lbs 517 414 364 310 259 209 Fly ash, lbs 0 125 190 251 310 375 Water, lbs 297 284 273 274 272 242 Sand, SSD, lbs 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 1530 3/4” aggregates SSD, lbs 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 Slump, inch 4-3/4 3-3/4 4 4-1/2 4 4 Air content, % 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.1 Air temperature, °F 90 92 93 88 78 68 Concrete temperature, °F 83 83 84 82 82 83 Concrete density, pcf 154.2 154.3 154.2 154.4 154.6 153.4 As the age of concrete increased, the compressive strength of all concrete mixtures containing fly ash increased at a level higher than that of the control mix. Concrete with 40% replacement of cement with fly ash continued to show the highest strength level, but all fly ash concrete mixtures showed strength levels higher than that of the control mix at the 56- and 91-day ages. We Energies 56 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Discussion of Test Results - 4,000 psi Concrete Mixes P4-7 through P4-12 were designed for a compressive strength of 4,000 psi. At an age of 3 days, 20% fly ash concrete showed the highest strength. At the 7-day age, concrete with up to 50% cement replacement showed compressive strength levels comparable to that of the control mix P4-7. Mixes P4-8 and P4-9 with 20 and 30% replacements showed strengths higher than the control mixture at the 7-day age. At the 28-day age, all mixtures showed strengths higher than the design strength of 4,000 psi. Also, all mixtures containing fly ash showed higher levels of strength compared to the control mix. Mix P4-10 with 40% replacement of cement showed the maximum strength. This trend continued at later ages with P4-11, the 50% replacement of cement with fly ash, showing the highest strength of 7387 psi at the 91-day age. Table 4-4: PPPP Class C Fly Ash Concrete Mix and Test Data 5000 psi (34 MPA) Specified Strength Mix No. P4 - 13 P4 - 14 P4 - 15 P4 - 16 P4 - 17 P4 - 18 Specified design strength, psi 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 Cement, lbs 611 490 428 367 305 245 Fly ash, lbs 0 145 220 1295 382 411 Water, lbs 290 291 289 270 278 268 Sand, SSD, lbs 1450 1450 1450 1450 1450 1450 3/4” aggregates SSD, lbs 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 Slump, inch 4¾ 4½ 4½ 4½ 4½ 4 Air content, % 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 Air temperature, °F 66 62 68 65 62 58 Concrete temperature, °F 70 63 72 69 70 70 Concrete density, pcf 155.7 155.3 155.3 155.2 155.3 155.0 Discussion of Test Results: 5,000 psi Concrete Mixes P4-13 to P4-18 were designed with a 28-day compressive strength of 5,000 psi. At the 3-day age, concrete with 20% cement replacement showed compressive strength higher than that of the control mix P4-13. However, concrete with up to 40% cement replacement showed compressive strength in the acceptable range. At the 7-day age, concrete with up to 40% cement replacement showed strength comparable to the control mix. At the 57 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
Page 1 and 2:
Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
Page 3 and 4:
This book is dedicated to all the i
Page 5 and 6:
Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter 1 Background and History o
Page 11 and 12:
The United States is the world's se
Page 13 and 14: are currently installed on about 25
Page 15 and 16: problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
Page 19 and 20: for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
Page 23 and 24: Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
Page 25 and 26: for air entraining admixtures, maki
Page 27 and 28: Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
Page 29 and 30: Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
Page 31 and 32: Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
Page 33 and 34: Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
Page 35 and 36: The following coal fired power plan
Page 37 and 38: All bottom ash is removed as necess
Page 39 and 40: ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
Page 43 and 44: that distribute and test fly ash to
Page 45 and 46: Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
Page 47 and 48: However, some engineering propertie
Page 49 and 50: ----------------------------U.S. ST
Page 51 and 52: Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
Page 53 and 54: Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
Page 57 and 58: alumina in the pozzolan may also re
Page 59 and 60: Dunstan summarized his work in term
Page 61 and 62: The level of shrinkage strains depe
Page 63: strength tests were performed at va
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116:
Summary Based on the data recorded
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3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
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mixture and concrete mixture. Also,
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Testing Program The testing program
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Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
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Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128:
Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
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fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136:
Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140:
Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
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1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
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and corresponding compressive stren
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conductivity tests were conducted u
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It can be concluded from this resea
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Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
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(4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
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Mechanical Properties The compressi
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Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
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Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164:
WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
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material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
Page 179 and 180:
Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
Page 183 and 184:
The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
Page 187 and 188:
affect combustion. The resulting fl
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
Page 195 and 196:
Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
Page 201 and 202:
Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
Page 203 and 204:
The green density of the aluminum f
Page 205 and 206:
Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
Page 207 and 208:
Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
Page 209 and 210:
Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
Page 213 and 214:
Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 215 and 216:
Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
Page 217 and 218:
Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
Page 221 and 222:
Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
Page 225 and 226:
The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
Page 227 and 228:
General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
Page 229 and 230:
* Use Property Owner Notification -
Page 231 and 232:
Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
Page 233 and 234:
the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
Page 237 and 238:
Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
Page 239 and 240:
Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
Page 241 and 242:
Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
Page 251 and 252:
3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
Page 255 and 256:
3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
Page 257 and 258:
11.5 Sample Specification for We En
Page 259 and 260:
D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
Page 261 and 262:
If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
Page 263 and 264:
Chapter 12 References 1. American
Page 265 and 266:
33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
Page 269 and 270:
Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
Page 271 and 272:
Personal Protective Equipment Speci
Page 273 and 274:
FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
Page 275 and 276:
Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
Page 277 and 278:
annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
Page 281 and 282:
constructed with fly ash building m
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
Page 287 and 288:
Index AASHTO See American Associati
Page 289 and 290:
Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
Page 291 and 292:
Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
Page 293 and 294:
Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
Page 295 and 296:
Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
Page 297:
About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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