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Table 4-41: Properties of Cement and Fly Ashes Used Chemical Composition (%) Cement Type I ASTM C150 Type I Class F Fly Ash Class C Fly Ash ASTM C618 Class F ASTM C618 Class C Silicon dioxide, SiO2 20.0 -- 36.5 35.4 -- -- Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 4.3 -- 16.0 23.3 -- -- Ferric oxide, Fe2O3 2.5 -- 7.0 5.6 -- -- Total, SiO2 + Al2O3 + 70.0 26.8 -- 61.5 64.3 Fe2O3 min 50.0 min Sulfur trioxide, SO3 2.3 3.0 max 1.5 2.4 5.0 max 5.0 max Calcium oxide, CaO 64.0 -- 2.1 26.7 -- -- Magnesium oxide, MgO 2.0 6.0 max -- -- 5.0 max 5.0 max Available alkali, Na2O 0.3 -- 0.7 0.9 1.5 max 1.5 max Moisture content -- -- 1.2 0.13 3.0 max 3.0 max Loss on ignition 2.0 3.0 max 31.3 0.6 6.0 max 6.0 max Physical Properties of Cement Air content (%) 9.5 12 max -- Fineness (m 2 /kg) 351 280 min -- Autoclave expansion (%) -0.02 0.8 max -- Specific gravity 3.16 -- Compressive strength (psi) 1-day 3-day 7-day 28-day 1990 3500 4230 5420 Vicat time of initial set (min) 145 -- 1740 min 2760 min -- 45 min 375 max -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Physical Properties of Fly Ashes -- -- 25.5 19.4 34 max 34 max Fineness retained on No. 325 sieve (%) Pozzolanic activity index with cement (% of control) 7-day -- -- 64 92.4 75 min 75 min 28-day -- -- 73 99.4 75 min 75 min Water requirement 105 -- -- 112 93.0 (% of control) max 105 max Autoclave expansion (%) -- -- -0.02 -0.02 0.8 max 0.8 max Specific gravity -- -- 2.02 2.60 -- -- Field testing was performed during the placement of base course and the concrete pavement. Slump measurements were taken on both the base course We Energies 110 Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
mixture and concrete mixture. Also, air content (ASTM C231) and temperature (ASTM C1064) measurements were recorded for the concrete mixture. Compressive strength was also measured on cylinders made from selected batches of base course and paving slab concrete mixtures, in accordance with ASTM procedures. Results and Discussion Figure 4-26: Open-graded cementitious base course material being placed over filter fabric at Port Washington Power Plant's high-volume fly ash demonstration project. • Base Course Material: The compressive strength data is shown in Table 4 42. The permeable base was designed to have a compressive strength in the range of 490 to 990 psi. However, the mixture gave 670 psi at 28-day age and 810 psi at 56-day age. • Fly Ash Concrete Pavement: Since there already was significant data on high-volume fly ash concrete, only compressive strength of the pavement concrete mixtures was measured. Based on earlier work, it was assumed that a mixture meeting air content and strength requirements would satisfy other durability requirements. Table 4-43 gives the compressive strength results for the pavement concrete mixtures. The mixture showed a compressive strength of 4870 psi at the 28 day age, which was 20% higher than the design strength of 4000 psi. The pavement was inspected visually to determine its performance over the past several years. No obvious pavement distress was seen during the inspection. 111 We Energies Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook
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Ramme - Tharaniyil Second Edition A
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This book is dedicated to all the i
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Contents Chapter 5 Controlled Low-S
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Contents Appendix A Product Data Sh
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Chapter 1 Background and History o
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The United States is the world's se
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are currently installed on about 25
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problems. In the late 1920’s, cin
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Chapter 2 CCPs and Electric Power
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for loading dry bulk semi tankers o
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Figure 2-2: Basic Diagram of an IGC
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Properties of Fly Ash Fly ash is a
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for air entraining admixtures, maki
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Fly ash is an artificial pozzolan.
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Table 2-6: Geotechnical Properties
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Table 2-9 shows the chemical compos
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Table 2-12: Typical Chemical Compos
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The following coal fired power plan
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All bottom ash is removed as necess
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ottom ash is removed by a hydraulic
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Chapter 3 Properties of We Energie
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that distribute and test fly ash to
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Physical, Chemical and Mechanical P
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However, some engineering propertie
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----------------------------U.S. ST
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Results of Testing to AASHTO Standa
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Table 3-8: Summary of We Energies B
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Chapter 4 Concrete and Concrete Ma
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alumina in the pozzolan may also re
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Dunstan summarized his work in term
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The level of shrinkage strains depe
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strength tests were performed at va
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Discussion of Test Results - 4,000
Page 67 and 68: Other important observations from t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4-3: Compressive Strength vs
Page 71 and 72: 300 290 AMOUNT OF WATER, lbs 280 27
Page 73 and 74: Table 4-8: PPPP ASTM C618 Class C F
Page 75 and 76: The final setting time for 5000 psi
Page 77 and 78: Table 4-12: Length Change* NON-AIR-
Page 79 and 80: Table 4-14: Freeze-Thaw Tests* (Air
Page 81 and 82: Abrasion resistance tests were perf
Page 83 and 84: Table 4-16: Compressive Strength Te
Page 85 and 86: 4 DEPTH OF WEAR, mm @ 60 Minutes 3.
Page 87 and 88: Table 4-19: Mixture Proportions Usi
Page 89 and 90: 12000 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 100
Page 91 and 92: Table 4-21: Air Permeability Test R
Page 93 and 94: Table 4-22: Water Permeability Test
Page 95 and 96: Table 4-23: Chloride Permeability T
Page 97 and 98: Tax Incremental Financing (TIF) was
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4-20 : Maple Avenue roadway
Page 101 and 102: Figure 4-22: Finishing touch to We
Page 103 and 104: Table 4-26: Concrete Mixture and Si
Page 105 and 106: 6. The high-volume Class C fly ash
Page 107 and 108: Table 4-31: Average Tensile Strengt
Page 109 and 110: Table 4-35: Changes in Ultrasonic P
Page 111 and 112: Table 4-38: Results of De-Icing Sal
Page 113 and 114: Table 4-40: Abrasion Resistance of
Page 115 and 116: Summary Based on the data recorded
Page 117: 3.00 M 101.5 MM WRAPPED UNDERDRAIN
Page 121 and 122: Testing Program The testing program
Page 123 and 124: Test Results Table 4-46 shows the c
Page 125 and 126: Fly Ash Concrete for Precast/Prestr
Page 127 and 128: Table 4-49: Concrete Mixture Propor
Page 129 and 130: Figure 4-27: Electrical Resistance
Page 131 and 132: Table 4-51: Electrical Properties o
Page 133 and 134: fly ash by weight of total cementit
Page 135 and 136: Table 4-53: Compressive Strength of
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5 Controlled Low-Strength
Page 139 and 140: Table 5-1: Mixture Proportions and
Page 141 and 142: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 143 and 144: Table 5-3: Chemical and Fineness Te
Page 145 and 146: 1800 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, psi 1600
Page 147 and 148: and corresponding compressive stren
Page 149 and 150: conductivity tests were conducted u
Page 151 and 152: It can be concluded from this resea
Page 153 and 154: Table 5-13: Compressive Strength of
Page 155 and 156: (4) Compatible with copper, aluminu
Page 157 and 158: Mechanical Properties The compressi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5-10: Electrical permeabilit
Page 161 and 162: Pilot Projects Using We Energies CL
Page 163 and 164: WisDOT Low Permeability CLSM with W
Page 165 and 166: material for foundations, changing
Page 167 and 168: Chapter 6 Commercial Applications
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The report also evaluated frost sus
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Field Study Following the initial s
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Figure 6-3: Bottom ash base course
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Table 6-2: Permeability and Drainag
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Bottom Ash as an Aggregate in Aspha
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Table 6-4: Total Elemental Analysis
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We Energies Bottom Ash as a Soil In
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The coal combustion materials landf
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The only other compounds detected t
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affect combustion. The resulting fl
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Table 6-7: Dry-Cast Concrete Block
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Table 6-10 Compressive Strength of
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Chapter 7 Fly Ash Stabilized Cold
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Using the back-calculated SN values
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Falling Weight Deflectometer tests
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unconfined compressive strength of
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Chapter 8 Fly Ash Metal Matrix Com
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The green density of the aluminum f
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Table 8-1: Alloy Samples Tested in
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Cenospheres Cenospheres are hollow,
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Chapter 9 Environmental Considerat
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judgment is required for new applic
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Table 9-2: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-3: NR 538 Fly Ash Analysis
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Table 9-4: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-5: NR 538 Bottom Ash Analys
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Table 9-7: ASTM D3987 Extraction An
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Table 9-8: Typical Heavy Metals Fou
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The voluntary C 2 P 2 Challenge Pro
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General Usage - NR 538 Applicabilit
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* Use Property Owner Notification -
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Mercury Removal-Ash Beneficiation (
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the air slide inlet was set at 538
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equired removal temperatures of 813
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Chapter 10 Minergy LWA - Structura
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Chapter 11 Sample Specifications
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Part 2 - Products 2.01 Concrete Mat
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3.02 Embedded Items A. All sleeves,
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C. Provide adequate number of units
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B. Reinforce or replace deficient w
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show the strength of masonry strong
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3.02 Bottom Ash Placing and Compact
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3. The CLSM shall meet the followin
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3.02 CLSM Depositing A. CLSM shall
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11.5 Sample Specification for We En
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D. Basis of Payment This item, meas
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If the reprocessed asphaltic base-f
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Chapter 12 References 1. American
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33. University of Wisconsin-Milwauk
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69. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., and Si
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Appendix A Product Data Sheets Min
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Personal Protective Equipment Speci
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FirstAid Eyes Inhalation Ingestion
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Appendix B Radioactivity in Coal a
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annual number of curies of each of
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is divided among cosmic (30 mrem),
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constructed with fly ash building m
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Appendix C Field Guide for Recycli
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‣ Blend the fly ash and prepared
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Index AASHTO See American Associati
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Index Backfill material, 6, 43, 138
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Index Disposal costs, 5 See also La
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Index Pavement, 26, 109, 187; botto
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Index Size, boiler slag, 22; bottom
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About the Authors Bruce W. Ramme B
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